Harshen Chamorro

Harshen Chamorro
Chamorro — Chamorru
'Yan asalin magana	64,300
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) Malayo-Polynesian (en) Harsunan Yammacin Malay-Polynesian Harshen Chamorro
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-1	ch
ISO 639-2	cha
ISO 639-3	cha
Glottolog	cham1312

Chamorro yare ne na Austronesian da kusan mutane 58,000 ke magana, wanda ya kai kimanin 25,800 a Guam kuma kusan 32,200 a Arewacin Mariana Islands da sauran wurare.[3]

Harshen asalin tarihi ne na Mutanen Chamorro, waɗanda 'yan asalin Tsibirin Mariana ne, kodayake ba a yawan magana da shi a yau fiye da baya. Chamorro yana da yare daban-daban guda uku: Guamanian, Rotanese, da kuma sauran tsibirin Mariana na Arewa (NMI).

Rarraba

Ba kamar yawancin maƙwabtanta ba, ba a rarraba Chamorro a matsayin harshen Micronesia ko Polynesia ba. Maimakon haka, kamar Palau, mai yiwuwa ya zama reshe mai zaman kansa na dangin yaren Malayo-Polynesian.[1][2]

A lokacin da mulkin Mutanen Espanya a kan Guam ya ƙare, an yi tunanin cewa Chamorro yare ne na rabin Creole, tare da adadi mai yawa na ƙamus na asalin Mutanen Espanya kuma yana fara samun babban matakin fahimtar juna tare da Mutanen Espanya. An ruwaito cewa har ma a farkon shekarun 1920, an ruwaito Mutanen Espanya yare ne mai rai a Guam don ma'amaloli na kasuwanci, amma amfani da Mutanen Espanya da Chamorro yana raguwa cikin sauri sakamakon matsin Ingilishi.

Tasirin Mutanen Espanya a cikin Chamorro ya wanzu saboda ƙarni uku na mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya. Kalmomi da yawa a cikin ƙamus na Chamorro sun samo asali ne daga asalin Latin ta hanyar Mutanen Espanya, amma furcin waɗannan kalmomin aro an samo asali ne ga ilimin sauti na Chamorሮ, kuma amfani da su ya dace da tsarin ilimin harshe na asali. Wasu marubuta suna la'akari da Chamorro a matsayin yare mai gauraye a ƙarƙashin ra'ayi na tarihi, duk da cewa ya kasance mai zaman kansa kuma na musamman. A cikin Chamorro Reference Grammar, Donald M. Topping ya ce:

"Mafi sanannen tasiri a kan harshen Chamorro da al'adu ya fito ne daga Mutanen Espanya.... Akwai karɓar lamuni na kalmomin Mutanen Espanya da jimloli a cikin Chamorro, kuma har ma akwai karɓar lamari daga tsarin sauti na Mutanen Espanya. Amma wannan karɓar lambobi ba ne a cikin harshe. Ƙashin harshen Chamorlo ya kasance cikakke ba.... A kusan dukkanin lokuta na aro, kalmomin Mutanen Spain sun tilasta su dace da tsarin sauti na Chamorro.... Duk da aka ƙayyade alamar harshe na Mutanen waje, kamar yadda yake da yawa a kan harshe na Kudancin Jamusanci ya kasance a kan harsunan Mutanen Espanya, kamar yadda aka ƙuntata sosai, harshe na Jamusanci ba su da yawa ba su da Amurka.

Sabanin haka, a cikin rubutun da aka samu a cikin Del español al chamorro. Lenguas en contacto en el Pacífico . Del español al chamorro. Lenguas en contacto en el Pacífico (2009), Rafael Rodríguez-Ponga yana nufin Chamorro na zamani a matsayin "harshe mai gauraye" na asalin "Hispanic-Austronesian" kuma ya kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 50% na ƙamus na Chamorro ya fito ne daga Mutanen Espanya, wanda gudummawar ta wuce kalmomin aro.

Rodríguez-Ponga (1995) ya ɗauki Chamorro a matsayin ko dai Mutanen Espanya-Austronesian ko harshen Mutanen Espanya da Austronesian, ko kuma aƙalla yaren da ya fito daga tsarin hulɗa da crealisation a tsibirin Guam tun lokacin da Chamorro na zamani ya rinjayi ƙamus kuma yana da abubuwa da yawa na asalin Mutanen Espanya: aikatau, labarai, prepositions, lambobi, conjunctions, da dai sauransu.

Tsarin, wanda ya fara a karni na 17 kuma ya ƙare a farkon karni na 20, yana nufin canji mai zurfi daga tsohuwar Chamorro (paleo-Chamorro) zuwa Chamorro na zamani (neo-Chamonro) a cikin harshe, phonology, da ƙamus.

Masu magana

Gaisuwa ta yau da kullun "Hafa Adai" a Filin jirgin saman Antonio B. Won Pat a Guam. "Hafa" a nan ba a rubuta shi a matsayin "Håfa" kamar yadda yake a cikin sabon, daidaitaccen orthography.

Harshen Chamorro yana fuskantar barazana, tare da raguwa mai sauri a cikin harshen da ya gabata. An kiyasta cewa kashi 75% na yawan mutanen Guam sun iya karatu da rubutu a cikin harshen Chamorro a lokacin da Amurka ta kama tsibirin a lokacin Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka (babu irin wannan ƙididdigar ƙididdigat na harshe ga wasu yankuna na Tsibirin Mariana a wannan lokacin). Bayan ƙarni guda, ƙididdigar Amurka ta 2000 ta nuna cewa ƙasa da kashi 20% na Chamorros da ke zaune a Guam suna magana da yarensu na al'adunsu sosai, kuma yawancin waɗanda suka wuce shekaru 55.

Sojoji da yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga raguwar yaren Chamorro bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Akwai dogon tarihi na mulkin mallaka na Marianas, wanda ya fara da mulkin mallaka ya faru a cikin 1668 kuma, a ƙarshe, mallakar Amurka ta Guam a cikin 1898 (wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa yau). Wannan ya sanya tsarin iko wanda ke ba da fifiko ga harshen masu mulkin mallaka na yankin. Dangane da kimantawa, yawancin mutane, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama (75%), sun ci gaba da sanin harshen Chamorro har ma a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya, amma wannan duk ya canza tare da zuwan mulkin mallaka da aiwatar da harshen Ingilishi.

A Guam, yaren ya sha wahala sosai lokacin da gwamnatin Amurka ta haramta yaren Chamorro a makarantu da wuraren aiki a 1922, ta lalata duk ƙamus na Chamorro. Gwamnatin Japan ta aiwatar da irin wannan manufofi lokacin da suka mallaki yankin a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Bayan yakin, lokacin da Amurka ta sake kwace Guam, masu gudanarwa na Amurka na tsibirin sun ci gaba da sanya takunkumin "babu Chamorro" a makarantun gida, suna koyar da Turanci kawai da kuma horo da dalibai don magana da yarensu na asali.

Duk da yake an ɗaga waɗannan manufofin harshe masu zalunci a hankali, amfani da Chamorro ya ragu sosai. Sau da yawa ana girma da tsararraki masu zuwa a cikin gidaje inda kawai tsofaffin dangin suka kasance masu iyawa. Rashin bayyanar ya sa ya zama da wahala a karɓi Chamorro a matsayin yare na biyu. A cikin 'yan tsararraki, Turanci ya maye gurbin Chamorro a matsayin harshen rayuwar yau da kullun.

Akwai bambanci a cikin yawan yaren Chamorro tsakanin Guam da sauran Marianas. A Guam yawan masu magana da harshen Chamorro ya ragu tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A cikin Tsibirin Mariana na Arewa (NMI), ƙaramin Chamorros yana magana da yaren sosai amma ya fi son Turanci lokacin da yake magana da yaransu. Chamorro ya zama ruwan dare a cikin gidajen Chamorro a Arewacin Marianas, amma ƙwarewa ya ragu sosai tsakanin Guamanian Chamorros a cikin shekarun mulkin Amurka don goyon bayan Turanci na Amurka a duk faɗin Marianas.

A yau, NMI Chamorros da Guamanian Chamorros ba su yarda da ƙwarewar harshe na juna ba. Wani NMI Chamorro zai ce Guamanian Chamorros suna magana "karye" Chamorro (watau, ba daidai ba), yayin da Guamanian chamorro na iya la'akari da nau'in da NMI Chamourros ke amfani da shi ya zama tsohon yayi.

Kokarin farfadowa

Wakilan daga Guam sun yi nasara ba tare da samun nasara ba a yi wa Amurka damar daukar mataki don ingantawa da kare yaren.

A cikin 2013, "Guam za ta kafa Dokar Jama'a 31-45, wanda ke kara koyar da harshen Chamorro da al'adu a makarantun Guam", yana ba da umarni don haɗawa da maki 7-10.

An yi wasu kokari a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, musamman makarantun nutsewar Chamorro. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai shine Kwalejin Huråo Guåhan a ƙauyen Chamorro a cikin garin Hagåtña . Wannan shirin yana karkashin jagorancin Ann Marie Arceo da mijinta, Ray. A cewar shafin YouTube na jami'ar, "Kwamitin Huråo yana daya idan ba makarantun Chamoru na farko ba wanda ke mai da hankali kan koyar da harshen Chamoru da kuma sanin kai a Guam. An kafa Huråo a matsayin mai zaman kansa a watan Yunin 2005. " Mutane da yawa sun yaba da makarantar saboda ci gaba da harshen Chamoro.

An sami wasu hanyoyin kirkirar don haɗa da inganta harshen Chamorro a cikin amfani da aikace-aikace don wayoyin salula, bidiyon intanet da talabijin. Daga ƙamus na Chamorro, zuwa aikace-aikacen "Speak Chamorro" na baya-bayan nan, ƙoƙarin yana girma da faɗaɗa hanyoyin adanawa da kare harshen Chamorro da ainihi.

A YouTube, sanannen wasan kwaikwayo na Chamorro Siha ya sami mafi yawan ra'ayoyi masu kyau daga masu magana da Chamorro game da ikonsa na yin wasan kwaikwayo, harshen Chamorro, da al'adun tsibirin cikin shirin nishaɗi. A talabijin, Nihi! Yara wasan kwaikwayo ne na farko, saboda an yi niyya ne "ga yaren Guam wanda ke da niyyar ci gaba da yaren Chamoru da al'adu yayin da yake ƙarfafa kula da muhalli, zaɓuɓɓuka masu kyau da ci gaban hali. "

Chamorro yana karatu a Jami'ar Guam, Jami'ar Hawai'i a Mānoa da kuma cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa na Guam da Arewacin Marianas.

Masu bincike a kasashe da yawa suna nazarin fannoni na Chamorro. A shekara ta 2009, an kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Harshen Harshen Duniya ta Chamorro (CHIN) a Bremen, Jamus. An kafa CHiN a lokacin Ranar Chamorro (27 Satumba 2009) wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na shirin Bikin Harsuna. Mutane daga Jamus, Guam, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Switzerland, da Amurka sun halarci bikin kafa.