Harshen Duala

Harshen Duala
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Nijar-Congo Harsunan Atlantic-Congo Harsunan Volta-Congo Harsunan Benue-Congo Harsunan Bantoid Southern Bantoid (en) Yaren Bantu Northwest Bantu (en) Yaren Sawabantu Harshen Duala
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2	dua
ISO 639-3	dua
Glottolog	dual1243

Duala (suna na asali: Duálá ) gungu ne na yare da al'ummar Duala da Mungo na Kamaru ke magana. Duala na dangin yaren Bantu ne, a cikin rukuni mai suna Sawabantu . Harshen tonal ne tare da tsarin kalma-fi'ili-abun abu . Maho (2009) ya ɗauki Duala a matsayin gungu na harsuna biyar: Duala dace, Bodiman, Oli (Ewodi, Wuri), Pongo da Mongo. Ya kuma lura da pidgin na tushen Duala mai suna Jo .

Tarihi

Asalin Duala ya samo asali ne daga ƙauran mutanen Duala a ƙarni na sha shida daga kogin Kongo zuwa yankunan bakin teku na kudancin Kamaru. Duk da yake yaren Bantu ne, Guthrie ya kiyasta cewa kawai ya riƙe kaɗan kamar 14% na tushen Proto-Bantu .

Alfred Saker, ɗan Burtaniya mai mishan kuma masanin harshe, ya kammala fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki na farko zuwa Duala a shekara ta 1870. Bayan da Jamus ta yi wa Kamaru mulkin mallaka a shekara ta 1885, Ofishin Jakadancin Basel ya ɗaukaka Duala a matsayin yare a kudancin Kamaru tare da goyon bayan hukumomin Jamus. Musamman, Julius von Soden, Gwamnan Kamaru a cikin 1880s, ya goyi bayan Duala a matsayin sanannen harshe a cikin mulkin mallaka, ko da yake ya ci gaba da cewa Jamusanci ya kamata ya zama harshen koyarwa a makarantu don dalibai masu haske. A cikin 1903, ’yan mishan na Basel sun ƙaddamar da wata jarida kowane wata mai suna Mulée Ngéa.

Jami'an 'yan mishan sun mayar da hankali kan yin amfani da Duala a yankunan da ba sa magana da shi a matsayin mai hadari a wurin jami'an mulkin mallaka, saboda suna tsoron al'adar za ta haifar da rikicin kabilanci ta hanyar daukaka Duala zuwa yare mai daraja . Tun da Duala ma masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje suna amfani da su a makarantunsu, yana da wuya ’yan Kamaru su sami ilimi kuma su sami kasuwanci, ko koyarwa, ko mukaman gwamnati ba tare da sanin yaren ba. Hakan ya kara karfafa fargabar jami’an Jamus na ganin cewa kabilar Duala ta yi karfin iko. Saboda haka, da ya zama Gwamnan Kamaru, Jesko von Puttkamer ya yanke shawarar murkushe Duala da wasu harsunan gida, irin su Ewe a Togoland, kuma ya haɓaka Jamusanci a cikin mulkin mallaka maimakon. Puttkamer ya zargi masu wa’azin addinin Furotesta da rashin amfani da yaren Jamusanci a Kamaru, ya kuma matsa musu su daina amfani da Duala a makarantunsu da hanyoyin sadarwa na hukuma. A shekara ta 1897, ya soma matsa musu su koma Jamusanci, kuma daga baya ya yaba wa masu wa’azi na Katolika da ke yankin don yin amfani da Jamusanci.

A cikin 1910, Gwamna Theodor Seitz ya ba da wata doka da ta kafa ikon gwamnati a kan duk cibiyoyin ilimi a yankin, gami da waɗanda mishan ke gudanarwa. Dokar ta tilasta amfani da Jamusanci a makarantu tare da haramta amfani da duk wasu harsunan Turai. Har ila yau, ya takaita amfani da Duala da ‘yan mishan ke yi a kasashen gargajiya na al’ummar Duala domin hana yaduwar harshen, kamar yadda gwamnatin Jamus ke son hana sadarwa tsakanin kungiyoyin cikin gida dangane da juyin juya hali.

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Gabashin Kamaru ya kasance ƙungiyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ba da izini ga Faransa kuma yammacin Kamaru an ba da izini ga Burtaniya . Gwamnatin Faransa ta ba da umarnin cewa Faransanci ne kawai za a iya amfani da shi a makarantu a cikin 1920. Burtaniya ta yarda da yin amfani da Duala ta hanyar masu mishan da makarantu, amma makarantu masu matsakaicin Ingilishi sun zama ruwan dare saboda tasirin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da kuma rashin rubuce-rubuce a Duala. A cikin shekarun 1950, wannan yana nufin cewa mutanen Kamaru suna amfani da Ingilishi a matsayin harshen koyarwa da Duala a matsayin harshen "coci", koda kuwa Duala ba harshensu bane. A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, yayin da Kamaru ta sami 'yancin kai, Duala ya kasance ana amfani da shi ne kawai a cikin yanayin addini da na yau da kullun, yayin da mishan suka ci gaba da amfani da shi tare da haɓaka rubutun Duala don amfanin addini.

Amfani

Shirye-shiryen jami'a a biranen Yaoundé da Douala, da kuma lycées da yawa na gida, suna ba da darussa a cikin Duala da sauran yarukan gida. Hakanan ana amfani da Duala bisa ga bayanan wucin gadi na wasu makarantu a matsayin hanyar koyarwa ta firamare don sauƙaƙe fahimta. Tashar talabijin ta Dan Broadcasting System tana watsa shirye-shirye a Duala. Sai dai kuma an lura cewa yunkurin shigar da Duala da sauran yarukan cikin gida cikin makarantu ya samu ‘yar turjiya daga mazauna yankin, saboda ba sa kallonsa a matsayin wani taimako ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

Shahararrun al'adu

Waƙar Soul Makossa, da kuma waƙoƙin pop waɗanda suka maimaita kalmominta, sun shahara a duniya baki ɗaya kalmar Duala don "(I) rawa", "makossa". Waƙar Alane ta mai zane Wes Madiko an rera shi a Duala kuma ya kai matsayi na #1 a cikin aƙalla ƙasashen Turai 10.

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
M / Haɗin kai	mara murya	p	t	t͡ʃ	k
	murya	b	d	d͡ʒ
	prenasal vl.	ᵐp	ⁿt		ᵑk
	prenasal vd.	ᵐb	ⁿd	ⁿd͡ʒ	ᵑɡ
Ƙarfafawa		f	s			h
Kusanci		w	l	j

Sauti /b, d, ᵐb, ⁿd/ ana jin su a matsayin rashin ƙarfi [ɓ, ɗ], [ᵐɓ, ⁿɗ] lokacin da kafin rufe wasula /i, u/.

[r] ana jin shi azaman bambancin /l/ a cikin kalmomin aro.

Wasula

	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya
Kusa	i		u
Kusa-tsakiyar	e		o
Bude-tsakiyar	ɛ		ɔ
Bude		a

Alphabet

Babba	A	B	Ɓa	C	D	Ɗauka	E	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	Ku	Ƙaddamarwa	O	Ya	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z
Karamin harafi	a	b	ɓ	c	d	ɗ	e	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	ŋ	ɲ	o	ku	p	q	r	s	t	ku	v	w	x	y	z