Harshen Dusun

Harshen Dusun
	boros Dusun
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) ; Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Greater North Borneo (en) ; Sabahan (en) ; Dusunic (en) ; Harshen Dusun; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	kada1292

Tsakiyar Dusun, wanda aka fi sani da Bunduli yare ne na Austronesian kuma ɗayan harsunan da suka fi yaduwa da mutanen Dusun (ciki har da Kadazan) na Sabah, Malaysia ke magana.

Tarihi

Abin da ake kira Tsakiyar Dusun' (ko kawai Dusun) da Coastal Kadazan (ko kawai Kadazan) ana ɗaukar su da fahimtar juna sosai; mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin ɓangare na yare ɗaya.

Harshen yana daga cikin sauran harsunan Sabahan da aka hana a karkashin tilasta wa Mustapha Harun na tilasta wa Bahasa Malaysia a fadin jihar.^[2] A karkashin kokarin Kungiyar Al'adu ta Kadazandusun Sabah, a cikin 1995, an zaɓi yaren Bundu-Liwan na tsakiya don zama tushen yaren "Kadazandusun".^[3]^[4] Wannan yaren, wanda ake magana a cikin kwarin Bundu da Liwan na kewayon Crocker-Trusmadi (yanzu sassan gundumomin Ranau, Tambunan da Keningau na yanzu), an zaba shi saboda an dauke shi mafi fahimta yayin tattaunawa da wasu yarukan "Dusun" ko "Kadazan".

Fasahar sauti

Alamun a Tsakiyar Dusun da Coastal Kadazan sune kamar haka:

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Tsakiyar Dusun
		Labari	Alveolar	Dorsal	Gishiri
Hanci		m	n	ŋ
Plosive	ba tare da murya ba	p	t	k	ʔ
Plosive	murya	b	d	ɡ
Fricative			s		h
Rhotic			r
Kusanci		w	l	j

Robinson ya bayyana cewa /r/ a cikin Tindal Dusun flap ne [ɾ].

Kayan gargajiya na Kadazan na bakin teku
		Labari	Alveolar	Dorsal	Gishiri
Hanci		m	n	ŋ
Plosive	ba tare da murya ba	p	t	k	ʔ
Plosive	murya	b	d	ɡ
Ba a yarda da shi ba		ɓ	ɗ
Fricative	ba tare da murya ba		s		h
Fricative	murya	v	z
Kusanci			l

[x] yana faruwa ne a matsayin allophone na /k/ a cikin matsayi na tsakiya.

Tangit da MBDK sun lura cewa ƙwayoyin Coastal Kadazan sun dace da ƙwayoyin da ke cikin wasu iri:


Tsakiyar Dusun	Gidan Kadazan na bakin teku	Misali
/r/	/l/	CD ralan, CKhan "hanya"
/r/	/Sai/	CD boros, CK boos "kalma"
/l/	/h/	CD Loyou, CK hozou "waƙar"
/w/	/v/	CD awasi, CK avasi "mai kyau"
/j/	/z/	CD Agayo, CK Agazo "babban"

Sautin sautin

Kadazandusun yawanci ana cewa yana da wasula huɗu /a i u o/ . A cewar Tingit, /o/ a Tsakiyar Dusun ba ta da ƙanƙanta fiye da a Coastal Kadazan kuma wani lokacin ana wakilta shi da Ōe.

Rubutun kalmomi

An rubuta Dusun ta amfani da haruffa na Latin ta amfani da halayen 21 (an yi amfani da haruffan C, E, F, Q, da X a cikin kalmomin aro):

A B D G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z

Wadannan haruffa tare ana kiransu Pimato.

Diphthongs: 意意 ዔ (⟨ai⟩ lokacin ana kiranta /e/) ⟨uu⟩

Wasu haɗuwa da wasula ba su samar da diphthongs ba kuma kowane wasula yana riƙe da sautin sa na daban. A wasu kalmomi ba diphthong ba ne, kuma wannan ana nuna shi ta hanyar apostrophe tsakanin wasula biyu: a'a .

Harshen harshe

Wakilan mutum

Tindal Dusun yana da tsarin mayar da hankali na Philippine wanda ke sanya kalma ɗaya a cikin jumla mafi shahara. Wannan sanannen, kalmar da aka mayar da hankali ba ta buƙatar zama batun ko wakilin sashi. A cikin sassan da ke da sunaye, yanayin magana da kuma sunaye dukansu suna nuna mayar da hankali. Idan aikatau yana ɗauke da yanayin mai ba da labari, mai ba da labarin zai zama wakilin mai suna (ko, da wuya, wakilin mai mahimmanci). Duk wani kalma mai suna a cikin sashi zai ɗauki sunaye daga wani tsari daban, kamar yadda kalma ɗaya kawai za ta iya mayar da hankali a kowane sashi da aka ba shi.

Wakilan suna
Haske	Nominative	Halitta	Rashin amincewa	Da yake da karfi
1sg	oku	ku	doho	joho
2sg	ko	nu	diaʔ	jaʔ
3sg	isio	disio~dow	isio
1in	toko			jatiʔ
1 Na farko	jahaj~jahɛː	dahɛː		jahɛː
2pl	jokow	dokow	jokow
3pl	joloʔ	dioloʔ	joloʔ

Wakilan Kadazandusun
Haske	Da yake da karfi	Nominative	Halitta	Rashin amincewa
1sg	yoku	oku	ku	doho
1du	yato/iyahai	kito/iyahai/ikoi	dato/dahai
1pl	yotokou	tokou		dotokou
2sg	ika/ia'	ko/ika/ia'	nu	dia'/dika
2pl	ikoyu	kou	dikoyu
3sg.m	isio		disido/dau
3sg.f	isido		dosido/dau
3pl	yolo		diolo

"Ana amfani da sunayen "mai mahimmanci" shi kaɗai ko kuma a matsayin amsoshi ko don jaddada wakilin.

Examples^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

Don samar da lambobi kamar hamsin ko sittin, ana haɗa mai yawa tare da rukunin matsayi (goma, daruruwan, dubban da dai sauransu), ta amfani da a'a.

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Dusun". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Lent, John A. (1974). "Malaysia's guided media". Index on Censorship. 3 (4): 66. doi:10.1080/03064227408532375.
↑ "Official Language & Dialects". Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah (in Turanci). Retrieved 2 June 2021.
↑ Lasimbang, Rita; Kinajil, Trixie (2004). "Building Terminology in the Kadazandusun Language". Current Issues in Language Planning (in Turanci). 5 (2): 131–141. doi:10.1080/13683500408668253.

Haɗin waje

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Dusun". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] Lent, John A. (1974). "Malaysia's guided media". Index on Censorship. 3 (4): 66. doi:10.1080/03064227408532375.

[3] "Official Language & Dialects". Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah (in Turanci). Retrieved 2 June 2021.

[4] Lasimbang, Rita; Kinajil, Trixie (2004). "Building Terminology in the Kadazandusun Language". Current Issues in Language Planning (in Turanci). 5 (2): 131–141. doi:10.1080/13683500408668253.

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