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Harshen E

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Harshen E
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 eee
Glottolog eeee1240[1]

E (eee ), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Ei, Wuse, ko Wusehua, ( simplified Chinese - Yaren ne da ake magana da shi da farko a gundumar Rongshui Miao mai cin gashin kansa, Guangxi, China. Ya ƙunshi fasalulluka na duka nau'ikan Tai da na Sinanci, galibi suna ɗaukar ƙamus na Sinanci cikin nahawun Tai. E harshe ne na tonal — yana bambanta tsakanin sautuna bakwai - kuma yana ƙunshe da ƴan saƙon wayoyi da ba kasafai ba: nau'ikan sautin murya na mafi yawan baƙon hanci da kuma alveolar a gefe .

Magana

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Sunan da ba a da shi ba na yaren E, kuma shine mai cin gashin kansa, ya samo asali ne daga fassarar pinyin na ƙarancin Mandarin syllable; ː; ê̄ (Yar furcin: [ɛ́́]), wanda a al'ada ke nuna furcin tabbatarwa (kuma an bambanta shi daga ē a cikin pinyin ta hanyar amfani da circumflex). [2][3] eeeMasu magana da yaren suna magana da yarensu kamar Kjang E.[2] Wusehua sunan wulakanci ne ga E . [4]

Yankin rarraba

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Zhuang people in Guilin

A shekara ta 1992, kimanin mutane 30,000 ne ke magana da E, [2] amma a shekara ta 2008 wannan adadin ya ragu zuwa 9,000.[5] Gao (2016) ya ba da rahoton cewa akwai masu magana da E 5,000. Yawancin masu magana da E gwamnatin kasar Sin ta sanya su a matsayin Zhuang. Masu magana da E suna zaune a cikin Rongshui Miao Autonomous County da yankunan iyaka na Luocheng Mulao Autonome County a Guangxi. A cikin gundumar Rongshui, manyan ƙauyuka uku da masu magana da E ke zaune sune Xiatan 下村, Simo 四莫村, da Xinglong 兴隆村 a cikin garin Yongle 永乐乡 . [6] Sauran harsunan da aka fi magana da su sune yaren Liujia (六甲话) na Yue Sinanci da bambancin Guiliu na Mandarin" id="mwYA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Kudu maso yamma Mandarin.[6]

Fasahar sauti

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Abubuwan da ke tattare da E da wasula galibi suna kama da na yarukan iyayenta. Koyaya, yana ƙunshe da wasu ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadardun ƙayƙwalwa: ƙayyadyadaddun murya marasa murya, da ƙayyadiddun ƙayyar ƙayyadakkyawar ƙayyadamshi. Dukansu nau'ikan ƙamus ne marasa murya waɗanda, a yawancin harsuna, koyaushe ana furta su. E yana ba da izini ga ƙayyadaddun syllabic da diphthongs.[5]

E consonants
Labari Dental / Alveolar
 Palatal Velar Gishiri
plain sibilant plain labialized
Hanci voiced m n ŋ
voiceless m̥ n̥ ŋ̥
Plosive unaspirated p t t͡s k kʷ
aspirated pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ kʰ
Fricative f s ɕ h
Kusanci voiced l j w
voiceless l̥
Sautin E
A gaba Tsakiya Komawa
Kusa i y u
Tsakanin e ə o
Bude ɛ a

Kamar yawancin harsunan kudu maso gabashin Asiya, gami da Tai da nau'ikan Sinanci, E yana da sautin.[2] An bayyana harshe kamar yana da sautuna bakwai, tare da na bakwai yana canzawa allophonically tare da tsawon wasula da aka haɗa shi. Tare da lambobi daga 1 zuwa 5, tare da 1 kasancewa mafi ƙasƙanci kuma 5 mafi girma, siffofin sautuna a cikin E sune kamar haka:[5]

Yanayin sauti
Adadin Gidan da ke kusa Harafin sautin
1. 42 Sanya
2. 231 Sanya
3. 44 Sanya
4. 35 Sanya
5. 24 Sanya
6. 55 Sanya
7. short 24 Sanya
long 22 Sanya

Harshen harshe da ƙamus

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E yawanci ana rarraba shi azaman yaren gauraye wanda ya samo asali ne daga iyalan Tai-Kadai da Sino-Tibetan, waɗanda dukansu suna zaune a kudancin China da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya.[4] Wasu malaman da ba na kasar Sin ba, duk da haka, suna ɗaukar shi yaren Tai-Kadai tare da tasirin Sinanci.[7] Duk abin da aka rarraba shi, harshe yayi kama da na reshen Tai na Tai-Kadai. Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin lissafi na E sun bayyana sun kasance cakuda na Arewacin Zhuang, Mulam, da Kam.[2] Harshen Caolan na Vietnam kuma yana nuna kamanceceniya da yawa da E.[2]

Kalmomin, duk da haka, galibi Sinanci ne, bisa ga Guiliu da bambancin Tuguai na Pinghua. [2] Daga cikin kalmomin E 2,000 da aka fi amfani da su, kusan 200 ne kawai suka fito daga asalin Tai-Kadai.[8] E kuma ya gaji abubuwa na waɗannan yarukan Sinanci da kuma samar da kalmomi.[6] E morphology shine da farko analytic, tare da ra'ayoyi kamar ƙin yarda da kalmomin taimako (pat6, m2) kuma babu yarjejeniya wakilci.[5]

A cikin sunansa, E yana rarrabe mutum tsakanin na farko, na biyu, da na uku; a cikin adadi tsakanin mutum ɗaya da jam'i; kuma, game da jam'iyyar mutum na farko, tsakanin mu da ma'ana da na musamman. E, duk da haka, ba ya yin bambanci ga Jima'i na ilimin lissafi.[5]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen E". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Edmondson 1992.
  3. ↑ Unihan Database 1991.
  4. 1 2 Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2003.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Greenhill, Blust & Gray 2008.
  6. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gao2016
  7. ↑ Moseley 2012.
  8. ↑ Sun, Hu & Huang 2007.
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