Harshen Gathang
| Harshen Gathang | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 | kda |
| Glottolog | wori1245[1] |
Harshen Gathang, wanda kuma ake kira Gadjang, Kattang, Kutthung, Gadhang, Gadang kuma a baya an san shi da Worimi (kuma an rubuta Warrimay), yare ne na Aboriginal na ƙasar Australiya ko rukuni na yaruka. Harsunan da aka sani guda uku sune Birrbay, Guringay, da Warrimay, waɗanda mutanen Worimi, Guringay da Birrbay ke amfani da su. ya ƙare a ƙarshen rabin ƙarni na 20, amma an farfa₦owa da shi a ƙarni na 21.
Tarihi da matsayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan mulkin mallaka na ƙasar Ostiraliya, yawancin daruruwan harsunan Aboriginal sun fada cikin rashin amfani. Mutanen Worimi sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin dangi 18 (ngurras), dukansu suna magana da Gathang. Mutanen hudu na yankin Port Stephens sun koma ƙauyen a Carrington don yin aiki a Kamfanin Aikin Gona na Australiya, kuma a cikin shekaru sun rasa yarensu da al'adunsu yayin da suka koyi hanyoyin Turai. An tilasta wa mutane da yawa na Worimi cikin manufofi da ajiya.[2]
A cikin shekarar 1887: E.M. Curr ya buga jerin kalmomi na farko na harshen Gathang, wanda John Branch ya tattara, kuma a cikin 1900, W.J. Enright ya buga bayanin da jerin kalmomi. A cikin shekarar 1929, masanin harshe na Amurka Gerhardt Laves ya yi aiki tare da masu magana da Gathang Charlie Briggs, Bill Dungie, Charlie Bugg, Jim Moy, Albert Lobban, Hannah Bugg, Susan Russell, Ted Lobban, da Mrs Russell.[3] A cikin shekarun 1960, masanin harsuna na Sweden Nils Holmer ya yi rikodin Dattawa Worimi guda biyu, Eddie Lobban da Fred Bugg, kuma ya tattara harshe na harshen Gathang.[2][4][3]
Shekaru da yawa harshe ya bayyana ya ƙare, amma sake farfadowa yana gudana a cikin ƙarni na 21. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an buga A Grammar and Dictionary of Gathang: The Language of the Birrbay, Guringay and Warrimay, ta Amanda Lissarrague, kuma Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-operative ta fara gudanar da azuzuwan a Taree, Forster, da Port Macquarie. Yawan masu magana ba da daɗewa ba ya karu, kuma an gabatar da azuzuwan a TAFEs, makarantu, da kuma cikin kungiyoyin iyali.[3] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, akwai masu magana da harshen 40 da aka rubuta, kuma a shekara ta 2018-2019 akwai fiye da dubu, bayan an yi aiki a farfado da harshen. [5] A yau, ana amfani da littattafai, waƙoƙi, rawa, ba da labari, da bita na harshe don taimakawa farfaɗowa da adana harshe, kuma ana nazarin shi a matakin PhD.[2][3]
Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gathang yana da alaƙa da Awabakal, a cikin Ƙungiyar Yuin-Kuric na Pama-Nyungan . [5] Gathang shine sunan harshe wanda ke rufe yaruka uku: Birrbay, Guringay, da Warrimay . [3]
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin][6].Enright ne ya rubuta ilimin harshe.[7] Bayanan da ke biyowa an cire shi daga sabuntawa ta Amanda Lissarague (2010).
Sautin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| A gaba | Komawa | |
|---|---|---|
| Babba | Sunan da ke cikin ⟨ii⟩ | Sunubiyar Sunubi ⟨uu⟩ |
| Ƙananan | An yi amfani da shi a matsayin ⟨aa⟩ | |
Har ila yau akwai diphthong "ay", wanda ake kira [aj].
Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Biyuwa | Velar | Dental | Palatal | Alveolar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | Sunan haka⟨p⟩ | Sashen⟨k⟩ | T T T TTTTT⟨th⟩ | Sunan haka⟨tj⟩ | Ya kamat a yi amfani da shi⟨t⟩ |
| voiced | b⟨b⟩ | Sashen⟨g⟩ | d̪ ̆ ̆⟨dh⟩ | Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi⟨dj⟩ | An yi amfani d shi⟨d⟩ | |
| Hanci | Ya kam a yi amfani da shi⟨m⟩ | Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi⟨ng⟩ | n̪ Sinanci⟨nh⟩ | Sunan da aka yi amfani da su⟨ny/yn⟩ | Ya kasan a cikin⟨n⟩ | |
| Hanyar gefen | Sanya⟨l⟩ | |||||
| Kusanci | w w w watau⟨w⟩ | Ya zama haka⟨y⟩ | An tsara shi ne⟨r⟩ | |||
| Flap / Trill | r da kuma Ruwa⟨rr⟩ | |||||
A cikin orthography, ana rubuta duka murya marasa murya da murya, kalmomi suna farawa da murya kawai kuma kawai murya na murya na iya faruwa a cikin ƙididdigar ƙira ko ƙididdiga. Akwai wasu rashin daidaituwa a cikin orthography don zaɓin dakatar da intervocalically. Ƙamus / ƙamus da Lissarrague ya rubuta ya ba da umarnin dakatar da murya ba tare da murya bane ba, amma an keta wannan sau da yawa kamar a magu - gatari. Alamomin /p/ da /b/ na iya bambanta, kamar gaparr - jariri, yaro, da gabarr - kai. Wannan ba a bayyana ba.
Akwai wasu shaidu na haɗuwa da dental da palatal stops / nasals, tare da bambancin kyauta da ke cikin kalmomi da yawa, kamar djinggarr~dhinggarr - azurfa, launin toka.
A ƙarshen kalma, ana iya furta hanci a matsayin tsayawar da ta dace. (Misali bakan~bakat - dutse). .
A cikin magana, ana iya furta "b" a matsayin [v].
Kalmomin kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasu kalmomin Gathang sune: [2]
- Barrgan (boomerangs)
- Wamarr (woomeras)
- Ganay (tsuntsaye masu tonowa)
- Garrigay (myrtle na daji)
- Buwatja (abinci)
- Ngapuwi (ruwa mai laushi)
- Duumala (kogi)
- Bami (koguna)
- Ganya (bark huts)
- Wirray (bush)
Akwai sunayen wurare da yawa a New South Wales waɗanda ke da sunayen da aka ba su a cikin harshen Gathang, gami da: [2]
- Birubi ("Kudancin Kudancin" ko "bayyanar Kudancin Kusancin")
- Tanilba ("wurin fararen furanni")
- Mallabula ("wampland tsakanin duwatsu biyu")
- Karuah ("wurin itacen furen asali")
- Pindimar ("wurin baƙar fata")
Bayanan da ke ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Gathang". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "The Worimi". Worimi Conservation Lands. 23 December 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2023. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "wcl" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 3 4 5 "Gathang (Birrbay, Guringay & Warrimay)". Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-operative. Retrieved 11 August 2023. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "muurrbay" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Empty citation (help)
- 1 2 E67 Harshen Gathang at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ↑ Enright, W. J. (1900). "The Language, Weapons and Manufactures of the Aborigines of Port Stephens, N.S.W." (PDF). Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 34: 103–188. doi:10.5962/p.359339.
- ↑ Enright, W. J. (1900). "The Language, Weapons and Manufactures of the Aborigines of Port Stephens, N.S.W." (PDF). Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 34: 103–188. doi:10.5962/p.359339.
Ƙarin karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Empty citation (help)
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Littattafan mutanen Worimi da albarkatun harshe, a Cibiyar Nazarin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ta Australiya
- Kutthung, ko Kattang, yaren