Harshen Ghotuo

Ghotuo
Asali a	Nigeria
Yanki	Edo State
'Yan asalin magana	(9,000 cited 1994)e25
Dangin harshen	Nnijer–Kongo Atlantic–Congo Volta–Niger Samfuri:Sm Edoid North-Central Yekhee Ghotuo; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	aaa
Glottolog	ghot1243

Ghotuo (kuma Otwa, Otuo) yare ne na Arewacin Tsakiyar Edoid da ake magana a Jihar Edo, [1] galibi a yankunan Owan da Akoko-Edo na jihar Edo, Najeriya .

Harshen harshe

Yanayin suna

Sunayen Ghotuo sun ƙunshi prefix da tushe . Tushen yawanci suna ƙunshe da tsarin "-V," "-CV," "-CVV," da "-CVCV." Prefixes yawanci sun ƙunshi tsarin "V-," "VV-," da "CV-." A cikin nau'ikan morpheme guda biyu, "V-" da "CV" sune tsarin da aka fi sani. Sunaye masu prefix "u-" a cikin mufuradi, suna da prefix "i-" jam'i. Hakazalika, sunaye masu prefix "o-" mufuradi suna da prefix jam'i "i-" idan wasalin tushe yana kusa . Idan wasalin bai kusa ba, to waɗannan sunaye suna da prefix "-e" mufuradi. Ana kuma amfani da prefix "-e" azaman prefix jam'i idan prefix na sunan mufuradi shine "-ɔ" kuma wasalin tushe bai kusa ba. ^[2]

Ƙarshen Singular / Plural Prefix
Mai banbanci	Yawancin mutane	Misali	Ma'anar
u-	i-	Aiki ne kawai	wata
o-	i-	Ya yi hakan a matsayin	Hanyar tafiya
o-	e-	Kai-kwai	'Ya'yan itace kamar 'ya'yan itacen
ɔ-	e-	Obbobin da aka yi amfani da su	abokin gaba, mugunta
ɛ-	e-	ɛ-rùɛ	deer, duiker
Ya-	I-	Ee-wè	Kola nut
Ya-	ee-	Ee-kɛē	kwai

Prefixes a Ghotuo ba a ƙayyade su ne kawai ta hanyar phonology ba, ana kuma bayyana su ta hanyar aji na nahawu na sunan.[1]

Gabatarwa ta hanyar Class Grammatical
Mai banbanci	Yawancin mutane	Ayyuka	Misali	Ma'anar
Ya-	a-	Sassan jiki	Ee- ò (a-)	ido
a-	i-	Abubuwan da mutum ya yi	a-bì	wani nau'in mat
a-	I-		Abin da ake kira	ruwa
gha-	i-	Insects da kananan tsuntsaye da aka samu a gidaje	ɡhā-hìhì	tururuwa
gha-	-io	Kayan aiki da dabbobi	ɡhā-wà	kare
Gho-	-i		ɡhò-Gazina	kasuwa
Gho-	-e		ɡhō-bè	ganye, littafi

Akwai misalai da yawa na sunayen Ghotou tare da prefixes marasa daidaituwa.^[2]

Sunayen da ba a haɗa su ba
Gabatarwa	Misali	Ma'anar
i-	ì-lhè	Zagi
e-	ē-a ina	yam da aka yi wa
ɛ-	ɛ-khɔ	kunya, jin kunya
a-	a-fɛ	gida, gida
o-	ō-fà	ƙishirwa
u-	Wannan shi ne zuwan	kai
ghi-	ɡhì-kpō	goshi
ɡha-	ɡhà-kpā	Kai mai gashi
Gho-	ɡhō-ɛ	hanya, hanya

Ana gabatar da nuni ta amfani da prefixes. Misali, ana amfani da prefix "ɔ-" lokacin da ake magana game da wani abu ɗaya yayin da ake amfani da "è-" don ƙungiyoyi masu yawa. Ana amfani da prefixation a Ghotuo don alamun yarjejeniya; duk sunayen jam'i suna da alamar yarjejeniya iri ɗaya, kuma duk sunayen guda ɗaya suna da alamar Yarjejeniya iri ɗaya. A wasu lokuta, ana iya amfani da prefixation don canza aikatau zuwa wani abu mai ban mamaki. Ana iya canza aikatau "ɟâ," ma'anar " dariya," zuwa "ē-ɟà," ma 'yar dariya, ta amfani da prefixes. Hakanan ana iya samar da sunayen da ba su dace ba ta hanyar amfani da prefix "ɔnhi-" zuwa aikatau mai mahimmanci. Kalmar "obi," ma'anar "duhu," za a iya canzawa zuwa "ɔnhōbì," ma 'yan baƙar fata. Wani lokaci ana iya amfani da wannan prefix ga Adverb wanda ba na Ideophonic ba. Misali "dùkɛ," ma'ana takaice, ana iya canza shi zuwa "ɔnhī dùkɛ," wanda ke nufin "gajere." Ana iya samo sunaye daga aikatau a cikin sassan dangi. A cikin Ghotuo, Verbs suna hulɗa tare da sunaye don samar da sunayen Locative. Gabatar da takamaiman saiti na sassa uku na jiki zuwa wani wuri yana haifar da karin Kalmomin masu rikitarwa a Ghotuo. Sassan jikin da ke ciki sune ūsɔ (mhì), ma'ana "kai," ūdò, ma'ana" ciki, da kuma àvɔ, ma'anar "ƙafafu". Misali daya shine kalmar "ūdóvbàɡhì," ma'ana ""cikin dakin."^[2]

Ana iya amfani da kalmar "ɔnhī" a wasu lokuta don nuna asalin mace mai aure. Misali, kalmar nan "ɔnhī__ilo____ilo____ilo__, " tana nufin "mace Yoruba. " Ana amfani da kalmar nan "her" don nuna cewa mutum ya Ibo ne daga wani yanki Misali, "herẽ ìɡbò" yana nufin "mutumin Igbo". "ɔnhî" kuma ana iya amfani da ita don nuna lokaci. Kalmar "àmɛ," ma'anar "raguwa," lokacin da aka canza shi zuwa "ɔnhīɣèmɛ" ma'ana "lokacin ruwan sama. "Sanya nau'in "omhi" kafin sunan zai iya canza shi zuwa karami. Idan aka yi amfani da shi ga "ɛ-wè," ma'anar "Goat," ya zama "omhi ɛwè," wanda ke nufin "ƙaramin goat." A zahiri, kalmar "omhi" tana nufin yaro. Ana iya amfani da shi a cikin jimloli kamar "ōmhī mhɛ," ma'ana "ɗan na. " Ana iya amfani le kalmomin "vbāí," "kpɛɛ, " da "ɡbei" ga sunaye don bayyana ma'anar cikakke. Misali, kalmar nan "itīsá ɡbēī" tana nufin "duk malamai".^[2]

Ana amfani da Sautin sauti a wasu lokuta don isar da Gerunds, sunayen magana, da sunayen wakilai. Misali, ta hanyar amfani da sautin ƙasa ga kalmar "ɔ tɡhōbè," ma'ana "ya sayi littafi," yana canzawa zuwa "wanda ya sayi littafi. " Wannan doka ta shafi sassan mai sauƙi tare da aikatau ɗaya. A cikin sassan da ke da kalmomi da yawa, ana ƙara harafin "m" zuwa ƙarshen sunan. Hakanan ana iya amfani da prefixes don bayyana yawan magana. Misali, prefix "i-." lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ga kalmar nan "__tir____tir____tir__ , " ya canza shi zuwa "ì__ilo____tir____ilo____tir__ . " Wannan ya canza ma'anar daga "wanda ya jefa tufafi cikin kogi, " zuwa "waɗanda suka jefa tufafi a cikin kogi. " Sunayen da suka dace a cikin Ghotuo sau da yawa cikakkun sassan ko maganganu ne, yawanci suna nufin yanayin haihuwa, maganganun falsafa, ko abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar batun. ^[2]

Sauti

Ghotuo yare ne mai sauka sauti uku. Sautunan asali Ruwa uku a Ghotuo suna da tsawo, tsakiya, da ƙasa. Yana fuskantar raguwa a cikin ƙananan matakan sautin, wanda ke nufin cewa a cikin waɗannan matakan sautin، idan sassan biyu suna da sautin iri ɗaya to sassan na biyu ya fi na farko. Ɗaya daga cikin bincike na sautin a Ghotuo wanda Kolawole Adeniyi, mai bincike daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, ya gudanar, ya gano cewa masu magana da Ghotuo suna cire saukowa daga jawabin su yayin da suke magana da masu magana da ba na asali ba. Wannan yana nuna cewa raguwa a Ghotuo yana sarrafa mai magana.^[3] Downdrift kuma yana nan a cikin Ghouto; sautunan tsakiya da tsawo suna raguwa da ƙananan sautunan da ke gaban su. Downdrift ba ta kasance ta atomatik a cikin kowane kalma na Ghotuo tare da sautuna na tsakiya ko sama bayan sautuna masu ƙasƙanci. Koyaya, yana cikin kowane kalma inda sautin ƙasa ya bi sautin tsakiya ko sautin sama. Ghotuo ya ƙunshi sautunan da ke fadowa; sautin da ke ƙasa ya faɗi idan an sanya shi bayan sautin tsakiya ko mai girma. Har ila yau, akwai sautunan "tsakiyar faduwa" da "tsakiyoyin faduwa".

Rubutun samfurin


Kalmar ^[2]	Ma'anar ^[2]
ɔ-kà	masara
A nan ne	karnuka
ù-ɡì	kwando
Ya-ke	kwai
Ilimin kai	yara
ɔ-kàkà	tsutsa
ghī-lhɛlhɛ	harshe

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ghotuo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Bankale, Oyetayo; Elugbe, Ben (2019). "Ghotuọ Noun Morphology". Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria. 22 (2): 264–280. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2024 – via ResearchGate. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Imelda Icheji Missing or empty |title= (help)

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ghotuo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Bankale, Oyetayo; Elugbe, Ben (2019). "Ghotuọ Noun Morphology". Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria. 22 (2): 264–280. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2024 – via ResearchGate. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[3] Imelda Icheji Missing or empty |title= (help)

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