Harshen Hyam

Harshen Hyam
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Nijar-Congo Harsunan Atlantic-Congo Harsunan Volta-Congo Harsunan Benue-Congo Harshen Hyam
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	jab
Glottolog	hyam1245

Hyam dangunan yaruka ne da ke da mahimmanci ga harsunan yankin Filato a Najeriya. Hyam na Nok yare ne mai daraja (Blench a shekarar 2008). Rubuta ilimin zamantakewar al'umma na Hyam, Blench ya kula da Sait, da Dzar a matsayin nau'ikan daban, kuma ya lura cewa ana iya kallon Yat da Ankung a matsayin yarurruka daban daban, duk da haka, Hayab (2016) ya gabatar da ra'ayi mabanbanta yana jayayya cewa Ankung ne, yare ne da ake kira Iduya, Hyam ba zai iya fahimtar hakan ba. A halin da ake ciki, Hyam, wanda mutanen Ham na Najeriya ke amfani da shi, wanda aka fi sani da 'Jaba' a cikin wani binciken kwanan nan da Philip Hayab, dan asalin yankin kuma masanin harshe wanda ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a cikin harshen, ya bayyana cewa Jaba yana da asalin asalin Hausa kuma yana da wulakanci kuma ya kamata a jefar dashi (John 2017).

Rarrabawa

Masu magana da Hyam na asali ana samun su galibi a Jaba, Kachia da Kagarko . Ana kuma samun su a ƙananan hukumomin Jema'a da ke kudancin jihar Kaduna da kuma a ƙaramar hukumar Keffi ta jihar Nasarawa ta Najeriya .

Yaruka

James (1998) ya rarraba yaruka na Hyam bisa ga ƙananan rukunonin da ya sanya ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Ham ko Arewacin ofungiyar Proto-Plateau Ethno-Linguistic Cluster:

• Ham Kpop (Jaban Kwoi)
• Ham Ngat Ham (Jaban Katari)
• Ham Shambang (Samban)
• Ham Duhyah (ko Idun ) (Jaban Lungu)
• Ham Kworri ( Chori )
• Ham Det (Faik / Kenyi)
• Ham Netkun / Netwho (Gbaham)
• Ham Nyakpah (ko Nyankpa ) (Yeskwa)
• Ham Kong / Rhuini (Kamantan)

A cewar Hayab (2016: 5-11), duk da haka, mutanen Ham, ban da ƙaura na ƙaura, batun da ke buƙatar cikakken nazari, za a iya cewa ya yi magana mai zuwa:

• Hyam Taa Ham - 'Hyam ya bazu a yankin Ham' gami da Nok, Ghikyaar, Kuscum, Har Dzyee, Shong, da sauransu.
• Kwyeny - daidai yake da James's Hyam Kpop (ana magana da shi a Har Kwain ko Kwoi )
• Kyoli - yaren Kworri / Kwori (wanda aka fi sani da Chori )
• Saik
• Shamang - kamar Shambang

Hayab (2016: 6) ya ƙara á da cewa wasu nau'ikan na iya hada da:

• Dùya / Idúyà - daidai yake da Idun
• Gwora - Gora
• Yat
• Zhire - Kenyi.

Bugu da ari, Hayab (2016: 8) ya rarraba waɗannan yarukan zuwa gungu huɗu, AD, gwargwadon matakan fahimtarsu.

• Cluster A. Hyam Taa, Kwyeny, kuma Saik (duk da ba kasa da 90% phonological homogeneity a ƙamus
• Cungiya B. Kyoli da Shamang (suna da kusan 50% fahimta)
• Cluster C. Yat da Zhire (na iya kasancewa tare da A da B. Ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu)
• Rubuce-rubucen D. Idúyà [ko Idun ] da Gwora (suna tsaye a cikin wani yanki mai zaman kansa)

Sake lura cewa Hyam shine yaren da mutanen Ham ke magana dashi.

Jerin Blench (2019):

• Kwyeny
• Yaat
• Saik
• Dzar
• Hyam na Nok

Fasaha

Kwamitin Hyam na Karatu da rubutu ya gano waɗancan alamomin na asali 41/42 a cikin rubutun rubutun.

a a̱ bcd dz e e̱ fg gb gh h hw hyw i i̱ jk kh kp lmn ng ny oprs sh t thtn ts uvwy yw z zh

Wasula (Wasali)

• Monophthongs

Gajerun Wasali (Vawella̱ Sha̱kuup)

a a̱ e e̱ i i̱ ou

Wasali Dogo (Vawella̱ Sha̱ceri)

aa ee ii oo uu

• Diphthongs (Khwikhwir Vawel)

ai au a̱u ou

Baƙi (Konsonan)

bcd dh dz fg gy gb gh ghy h hw hwy hyw jk ky kh khy kp lmn nh ng ny prs sh t thth tsnw vwy yw z zh

Lambobi

Hayab (2016: 66) misalai, yana mai cewa "wadatar data samu a Hyam ta Koelle (1854: rataye, 2-188) da Meek (1931: 120) sun nuna cewa gasar Ham ɗin ta kusan wata hanyar da ba ta dace ba daga abin da aka samu a yau." Ya kara da cewa a bayyane yake cewa an sauya tsohon tsarin kirgawa da wanda aka yiwa salo na Hausa, sannan ya sake cewa "a halin yanzu, tsohon salon da goma (wanda ya kasance kop ) yanzu a matsayin ' shwak '. Lamarin da ya nuna kop (goma) ya nuna ba cikakke ba ne wanda ke lura da shaidar cewa ' mbwan shwak ' (11) ya nuna cewa mun kasance ba mu da yawa daga shwak (sha biyu). " Sannan ya ƙara da cewa "wannan saboda kalmar ' mbwan ' a zahiri tana nuna bwat - gajere ko 'saura'.

Abin da ke sama za a iya cewa gaskiya ne, idan aka yi la’akari da batun Tyap, wani yare da ya danganta shi, inda kalmar ta yanzu ta goma ta yi yawa, yayin da kalmar “kop / kwop” ta kusan ƙarewa, kamar yadda yake a Hyam, kuma ana amfani da ita ne don ƙidaya a dubbai. Kalmar "dubu" a cikin Tyap ita ce cyi kop / kwop, ma'ana (idan akayi la'akari da tsohuwar amfani da kalmar kop / kwop ), " sau dari - goma " ko " 100 X 10 ".

Wadannan, a cewar Hayab (2016: 66-67) lambobi ne da aka yi amfani dasu akalla shekaru 200 da suka gabata don ƙirgawa a Hyam.

	Hyam	Turanci
0	npiit	sifili / ba komai
1	zhinni	daya
2	feli	biyu
3	atwayar	uku
4	naang	hudu
5	sha biyu	biyar
6	twani	shida
7	twarfo	bakwai
8	naarang	takwas
9	mbwan-kop	tara
10	kop	goma
11	mbwan-shwak	goma sha ɗaya
12	shwak	goma sha biyu / dozin / kammala
24	shwak i'feri	dozin biyu
36	shwak i'tat	dozin uku
48	shwak i'nang	dozin huɗu
60	shwak i'twoo	goma sha biyar
72	shwak i'twani	shida dozin
84	shwak i'twarfo	bakwai dozin
96	shwak i'naarang	takwas dozin
108	shwak i'mbwan-kop	tara dozin
144 / rashin iyaka	sok-sok-gha	goma sha biyu / wanda ba za a iya lissafawa ba

Manazarta

 

• Blench (2008) Prospecting proto-Plateau. Manuscript.
• Hayab, P. J. (2016). Basic Hyam Grammar with Ethnographic Notes. Abuja: Beltina Digital Press.
• James, I. (1998). The Settler Phenomenon in the Middle Belt and the Problem of National Integration in Nigeria. Jos, Nigeria: Midland Press. ISBN 9783481169.
• John, P. H. (2017). Narratives of identity and sociocultural worldview in song texts of the Ham of Nigeria: a discourse analysis investigation. PhD Dissertation submitted to the University of Stellenbosch, Unpublished
• Kambai A̱ka̱u T. L. (2014). The Tyap-English Dictionary. Benin City: Divine Press. ISBN 978-0272-15-1.

• Narratives of identity and sociocultural worldview in song texts of the Ham of Nigeria: A discourse analysis investigation
• Roger Blench: Hyamic page