Harshen Iatmul

Harshen Iatmul
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Papuan Sepik (en) Middle Sepik (en) Ndu (en) Harshen Iatmul
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	ian
Glottolog	iatm1242

Lardin Sepik na Gabas a Papua New Guinea

Iatmul yare ne na Mutanen Iatmul, ana magana da su a kusa da Kogin Sepik a Lardin Sepik na Gabas, arewacin Papua New Guinea. Iatmul, duk da haka, ba sa nufin yarensu da kalmar Iatmul), amma suna kiransa gepmakudi ("harshe na ƙauye", daga gepma = "ƙauye" da kudi "magana"; ana kiransa [ŋɡɛpmaɡundi]).

Akwai kimanin Iatmul 8,400 da aka tsara a al'ada a ƙauyuka, yayin da aka kiyasta jimlar masu magana 46,000 . Mazaunan ƙauyukan suna da Harsuna uku, suna da kyau tare da Tok Pisin, suna da kirki tare da Iatmul kuma suna da ilimin Turanci. Tok Pisin kuma shine harshen farko na yara mafi ƙanƙanta, duk da ƙoƙarin juyar da wannan yanayin.

Gerd Jendraschek ya rubuta wani babban harshe na Iatmul kwanan nan a matsayin rubutun postdoctoral.

Bayani na nau'i

Iatmul wani bangare ne na dangin yaren Ndu, wanda ya ƙunshi akalla harsuna shida wanda ndu shine kalmar 'mutum'. Tare da Manambu shi ne yaren kudancin iyalin Ndu, ana magana a gefen Kogin Sepik. Iatmul shine watakila sanannen yaren Ndu daga cikinsu duka.

Iatmul harshe ne mai matsakaici kuma kusan keɓewa. Karkatarwa galibi ana amfani da ita kuma na yau da kullun, yayin da hanyoyin phonological sune mafi rikitarwa a cikin harshe. Tushen sau da yawa suna canza siffarsu yayin da tsarin morpheme da yawa zasu iya zama masu haɗuwa da cewa suna da wuyar rarraba su.

Iatmul yana da alamar jinsi na namiji da na mace da kuma lambobi guda ɗaya, biyu da jam'i. Sunaye da aikatau sune manyan ɗalibai guda biyu kawai a cikin Iatmul tare da ɗan ƙaramin ƙira a dukansu. Har ila yau, babu bambanci mai ƙarfi tsakanin masu gyara da sunaye kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da Tushen da yawa a matsayin sunaye, adjectives ko adverbs. Ƙananan kalmomi sun haɗa da sunayen mutum, masu nunawa, postpositions, quantifiers, Tambayoyi da kuma proclauses (yes, a'a), yayin da babu haɗin haɗin sashi.

Fasahar sauti

Sautin da wakoki

Tsarin sauti na Iatmul lamari ne na jayayya tsakanin malamai. Babu wata yarjejeniya game da yawan wasula da Iatmul ke da shi da kuma abin da za a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin phonemes ko allophones. Akwai yunkurin nazarin harshe kamar yadda ya kunshi wasula 1-3 kawai ta Staalsen (1966) da Laycock (1991). Jendraschek (2012) ya bambanta da 12 phonemic monophthongs da 7 phonemic diphthongs.

Monophthongs

		A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Babba		Ya kuma yi amfani da shi⟨i⟩	Ci gaba da haka⟨i'⟩	Su, Sunubi⟨uu⟩
Tsakanin		da kuma, (e) ⟨ee⟩		Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi⟨o⟩
Ƙananan	fili	⟨aa⟩-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPAlink","href":"./Template:IPAlink"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"a"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwng" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">a cikin, a cikin		An tsara shi a matsayin
	Glutalised	A cikin wannan yanayin⟨a'⟩		An yi amfani da shi don haka⟨â'⟩

Diphthongs

		A gaba		Komawa
Babba		[Abin da ke cikin]
Tsakanin		An yi amfani da ita a matsayin⟨ei⟩		ko kuma ya yi⟨ou⟩
Ƙananan	fili	ai̯ ne da kuma ⟨ai⟩	aːi̯⟨aai⟩	aʊ̯ Shaan⟨au⟩	aːʊ̯ Shaan⟨aau⟩
	Glutalised	Sanya a cikin⟨a'i⟩

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