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Harshen Jingpo

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Harshen Jingpo
'Yan asalin magana
 940,000 (2001)
Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2 kac
ISO 639-3 kac
Glottolog kach1280[1]
Wani shirin game da al'adun Kachin a Myanmar da aka rubuta a Jingpo.

Kasar Tun daga kasar Sin harshe ne na Tibeto-Burman na Rashin Sal wanda ake magana da shi a Jihar Kachin, Myanmar; Arewa maso gabashin Indiya; da Yunnan, China. Mutanen ƙasar (ko Kachin) , ƙungiya ce ta kabilun da ke zaune a cikin tsaunukan Kachin, sune manyan masu magana da yaren ƙasar, wanda ya kai kusan masu magana da 625,000. [2] Kalmar "harshe na Kashin" na iya nufin yaren ƙasar ko duk wani daga cikin sauran harsunan da mutanen ƙasar ke magana, kamar su Lisu, Lashi, Rawang, Zaiwa, Lhawo Vo, da Achang. Wadannan harsuna sun fito ne daga rassa daban-daban na matakin mafi girma na Iyalin Tibeto-Burman.

An rubuta shi ta amfani da haruffa na Latin; wasu masu magana suna amfani da haruffan Burmese, amma an fice shi. Ƙarshen syllable na ƙasa na iya kunshe da wasula, hanci, ko tsayawar baki.

Turung na Assam a Indiya suna magana da yaren Jingpo tare da kalmomin aro na Assamese da yawa, wanda ake kira Singpho, wanda ke da alaƙa da 50% na kamanceceniya da ƙasashe.[3]

Harsuna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai akalla nau'ikan Jingpoish (Kachinic) 16 (Kurabe 2014:59). Bayanan yawan jama'a da wurin da aka jera a ƙasa an samo su ne daga Kurabe (2014). Standard Jingpo da Nkhum sune mafi kyawun nau'ikan da aka bayyana, yayin da Stephen Morey ya rubuta nau'ikan Jingpoish na Indiya kwanan nan. Bambancin Jingpoish a arewacin Jihar Kachin ba su da cikakken bayani.

Ethnologue ya lissafa Duleng (Dalaung, Dulong ), Dzili (Jili), Hkaku (Hka-Hku), da Kauri (Gauri, Guari, Hkauri). A cewar Ethnologue, Dzili na iya zama yare daban, yayin da Hkaku da Kauri sun ɗan bambanta.

Sauran nau'ikan Jingpoish da ba a bayyana su ba sun haɗa da Mungji da Zawbung . [4] Shanke wani yare ne da aka bayyana kwanan nan wanda ke da alaƙa da Jingpo, kodayake masu magana da shi suna nuna kansu a matsayin Naga.

Kudancin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Standard Country shine daidaitattun nau'ikan ƙasashe kamar yadda ake amfani da su tsakanin Mutanen Kachin a Myanmar, da kuma 'yan tsiraru da ba na Kash ba a Jihar Kachin. Yawancin masu magana suna zaune a Jihar Kachin, kodayake wasu suna zaune a Jihar Shan da Sagaing Division. Ana magana da shi da farko a Myitkyina, Bhamo, da Kutkai. Matasa suna kiran /ts/ da /dz/ a matsayin [s] da [z], suna bambanta su da /s/ (). Standard Country kamar yadda ake magana a Jihar Shan sau da yawa yana da ʔə- da aka kara zuwa kalmomin monosyllabic, kuma yana sanya ƙarancin tambaya ʔi a gaban aikatau.
  • Ana magana da Nkhum / Enkun 恩昆 a cikin yankunan Lianghe, Ruili, Longchuan, da Luxi na Yunnan, China.[5] Ita ce yaren Jingpo da aka fi magana da ita a kasar Sin. Yaren Nkhum yana nuna bambancin rikodin rikodin rikitarwa, yayin da Shadan ba haka ba. Kodayake yaren Shadan sau da yawa yana da -ŋ, Nkhum sau da yawa ba haka ba. Ana amfani da nau'ikan Tongbiguan 铜壁关 iri-iri na Nkhum a matsayin nau'ikan Jingpo a kasar Sin. Ana kuma samun ƙananan aljihun masu magana a Gengma County.
  • Ana magana da Shadan / Shidan 石丹 a Yunnan, China. Ana magana da shi a cikin garuruwan Kachang 卡́ da Taiping 太平 (a cikin Getong 格同 na Mengzhi 蒙支, Zhengtonghong 正通, da Longpen 龙盆, wanda ke cikin Gundumar Yingjiang Ō江 .[6][7]
  • Ana magana da Gauri / Khauri a cikin tsaunukan Gauri, da ke gabashin Bhamo .[8] Garuruwa sun hada da Prang Hkudung, Man Dau, Hkarawm Kawng, Manda, Ka Daw, Lamai Bang, Bum Wa, Ma Htang, Jahkai, da Loi Ming. A kasar Sin, kimanin mutane 300 ne ke magana da Gauri a ƙauyukan Hedao da Hongka na gundumar Longchuan, da kuma Kachang 卡场镇 na gundumar Yingjiang.
  • Mengzhi 蒙支 (muŋ˧˩tʃi˧˩ ka˧˩) kusan mutane 200 ne ke magana a cikin ƙauyuka biyu na Getong 格同 da Zhengtongyou 正通猶 a Mengzhi 莫支, Yingjiang County Ō江县 . [8]
  • Ana magana da Thingnai a kusa da Mohnyin, kudancin Jihar Kachin.

Ƙananan aljihun masu magana da Jingpo suma sun warwatse a fadin Gengma County, gami da ƙauyuka masu zuwa (Dai Qingxia 2010). Dai (2010) kuma ya haɗa da jerin kalmomin kalmomi 1,000 na yarukan Yingjiang, Xinzhai 新寨, da Caoba.

  • Jingpo Xinzhai 新寨, ƙauyen Mangkang ƙauyen, ƙauyukan Hepai ƙauyen[9]
  • Nalong Naž, ƙauyen Nongba ƙauyen, garin Gengma ƙauyen [10]
  • Hewen Sin Sin Sin Sin, Jingxin Village 景信村, Mengding Town 孟定镇 [11]
  • Hebianzhai 邊緣 kogin, ƙauyen Qiushan ƙauyen, Mengding Town 孟定 ƙauyen [12]
  • Caobazhai, ƙauyen Mang'ai ƙauyen Mengding garin孟定 [13]

Arewa maso gabas

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Dingga: wani nau'in Jingpo da aka gano kwanan nan da ake magana a kusa da Putao, Jihar Kachin, a cikin ƙauyukan Ding Ga, Ding Ga Gabrim, Tsa Gung Ga, Layang Ga, Dai Mare, da Mărawt Ga. Waɗannan ƙauyuka duk suna tsakanin kogin Shang Hka da Da Hka a arewacin Jihar Kachin. Akwai tsakanin masu magana 2,000 zuwa 3,000.
  • Ana magana da Duleng a kusa da Putao, a cikin Machanbaw, kuma a cikin kwarin Nam Tisang na Jihar Kachin . Bayanan da aka buga kawai shine na Yue (2006). [14]
  • Ana magana da Dingphan a kusa da Putao, Jihar Kachin .
  • Jilí / Dzili
  • Ana magana da Khakhu a kusa da Putao, Jihar Kachin .
  • Ana magana da Shang a kusa da Putao, Jihar Kachin .
  • Ana magana da Tsasen a arewa maso yammacin jihar Kachin.

Arewa maso yamma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Singpho (Northwestern Jingpoish) iri-iri na Assam da Arunachal Pradesh, Indiya sun haɗa da masu zuwa.

  • Ana magana da Diyun a Indiya.
  • Numphuk yana magana da kimanin mutane 2,000 a ƙauyuka 20, gami da Ingthong, Ketetong, Inthem, Kumsai, Bisa, Wagun 1, Wagun 2, Wagun 3, Wakhet Na, Kherem Bisa, Guju, da Giding. Wadannan ƙauyuka suna gefen kogin Burhi Dihing a Assam, wanda ake kira kogin Numhpuk Hka a Numphuk .
  • Ana magana da Tieng a Indiya.
  • Turung yana magana da kimanin mutane 1,200 galibi a yankin Titabor (a cikin ƙauyuka 3 na Pathargaon (Na Kthong), Tipomia, da Pahukatia) da kwarin kogin Dhonsiri (a cikin kauyuka na Balipathar, Rengmai, da Basapathar). Akwai kalmomin aro na Tai da yawa a Turung. Wasu masu magana da Turung suma suna nuna kansu a matsayin kabilanci na Tai.

Rarrabawar ciki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kurabe (2014) ya rarraba yarukan Jingpoish guda bakwai kamar haka.

  • Proto-Jingpo
    • Kudancin
      • Gauri (Khauri)
      • Standard Jingpo, Nkhum (Enkun)
    • Arewa
      • Arewa maso yamma
        • Numphuk
        • Turung
      • Arewa maso gabas
        • Duleng
        • Dingga

Sashin Kudancin yana nuna asarar Proto-Jingpo na ƙarshe *-k a wasu abubuwa na ƙamus. Ofishin reshe na Arewa yana da alamomi masu zuwa na Proto-Jingpo (Kurabe 2014:60).

  • *ts- da *c-
  • *dz- da *j-
  • *ʔy- da * China- (kafin wasula na gaba)
  • haɗuwa da Proto-Jingpo plain da preglottalized sonorants

Harshen harshe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jingpo yana da yanayin magana wanda ke nuna batun da abu kai tsaye. Ga misali daya (ba a yi alama da tonemes ba). Aikatau shine 'zama' (rai).

Fasahar sauti

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wadannan suna cikin Standard Jingpo:

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Labari Dental / Alveolar
 (Alveolo-) baki<br id="mwAWg"> Retroflex Velar Gishiri
fili aboki. Kudin kuɗi. fili aboki. fili aboki. Kudin kuɗi.
Hanci <small id="mwAYo">murya</small> m mʲ n nʲ ŋ
<small id="mwAZ4">Glotalized</small> ˀm ˀmʲ ˀn ˀnʲ ˀŋ
Plosive ba tare da murya ba p pʲ pᶼ t k kʲ kᶼ ʔ
da ake nema pʰ pʰʲ pʰᶼ tʰ kʰ kʰʲ kʰᶼ
murya b bʲ bᶼ d ɡ ɡʲ ɡᶼ
Rashin lafiya ba tare da murya ba ts tɕ
murya dz dʑ
Fricative s ɕ (h)
Kusanci tsakiya w l j ɻ
<small id="mwAkM">Glotalized</small> ˀw ˀl ˀj ˀɻ

manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Jingpo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ "ISO 639 Code: kac". Ethnologue (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
  3. ↑ "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
  4. ↑ Kurabe, Keita. "Kurabe Keita". Researchmap. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Field research on the Mungji and Zawbung dialects of Jingpho in Burma
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Liu1984
  6. ↑ "Yíngjiāng Xiàn Tàipíng Zhèn Kǎyá Cūn Zhèngtōng Gǒng Zìráncūn" 盈江县太平镇卡牙村正通拱自然村 [Zhengtong Gong Natural Village, Kaya Village, Taiping Town, Yingjiang County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Harshen Sinanci). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  7. ↑ "Yíngjiāng Xiàn Tàipíng Zhèn Lóngpén Cūn" 盈江县太平镇龙盆村 [Longpen Village, Taiping Town, Yingjiang County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Harshen Sinanci). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Yunnan1998
  9. ↑ "Gěngmǎ Dǎizú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn Hèpài Xiāng Mángkàng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Jǐngpǒ Zìráncūn" 耿马傣族佤族自治县贺派乡芒抗村民委员会景颇自然村 [Jingpo Natural Village, Mangkang Village Committee, Hepai Township, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Harshen Sinanci). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  10. ↑ "Gěngmǎ Dǎizú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn Gěngmǎ Zhèn Nòngbā Cūnwěihuì Nòngbā Dàzhài (Nàlǒng) Zìráncūn" 耿马傣族佤族自治县耿马镇弄巴村委会弄巴大寨(那拢)自然村 [Nongba Dazhai (Nalong) Natural Village, Nongba Village Committee, Gengma Town, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Harshen Sinanci). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  11. ↑ "Gěngmǎ Dǎizú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn Mèngdìng Zhèn Jǐngxìn Cūnwěihuì Hèwěn Zìráncūn" 耿马傣族佤族自治县孟定镇景信村委会贺稳自然村 [Hewen Natural Village, Jingxin Village Committee, Mengding Town, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Harshen Sinanci). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  12. ↑ "Gěngmǎ Dǎizú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn Mèngdìng Zhèn Qiūshān Cūnwěihuì Hébiānzhài Zìráncūn" 耿马傣族佤族自治县孟定镇邱山村委会河边寨自然村 [Hebianzhai Natural Village, Qiushan Village Committee, Mengding Town, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Harshen Sinanci). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  13. ↑ "Gěngmǎ Dǎizú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn Mèngdìng Zhèn Mángài Cūnwěihuì" 耿马傣族佤族自治县孟定镇芒艾村委会 [Mang'ai Village Committee, Mengding Town, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Harshen Sinanci). Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  14. ↑ Yue, Ma La (2006). "Jingpo Dulianhua gaikuang" [An Overview of Duleng Jingpo]. Minzu yuwen (in Harshen Sinanci). 2006 (4): 68–81.
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