Harshen Jita

Harshen Jita
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Nijar-Congo; Harsunan Atlantic-Congo; Harsunan Volta-Congo; Harsunan Benue-Congo; Harsunan Bantoid; Southern Bantoid (en) ; Yaren Bantu; East Bantu (en) ; Northeast Bantu (en) ; Great Lakes Bantu (en) ; Harshen Jita; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	jit
Glottolog	jita1239

Guthrie (1967) ya rarraba Jita a cikin Yankin Bantu E, Rukuni na 20 saboda, kamar sauran harsuna a wannan yanki, yana da prefixes biyu (prefixes ko augmentations ^[2] ) akan sunaye, "wadatar da ba ta misaltuwa" ta lokutan fi'ili da kuma lokutan negative na gaskiya tare da prefix na musamman. Aikin da aka yi kwanan nan (Bastin 2003, Maho 2009) ya rarraba Jita a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Interlacustrine Bantu (Zone J). Musamman ma, Jita memba ne na ƙungiyar Suguti Bantu, tare da lambar Guthrie JE.25.

Kwaya (KYA, JE.251); Kara (REG), Regi/Leki (duka JE.252); da Ruri/Rori (JE.253) suna da alaƙa da Jita. Yayin da Glottolog ya ɗauki Ruri a matsayin yaren Kwaya, ^[3] Massamba (1977) nazarin kwatanci na Jita, Ruri da Kwaya ya nuna cewa Ruri yana kama da Jita, yayin da Jita da Ruri ke nuna bambance-bambance da yawa daga Kwaya.

Ilimin sauti

Wasula da tsarin wasali

Jita yana da tsarin wasali guda biyar - da tsayin daka - wanda aka kwatanta a teburin da ke ƙasa.

	Gaba	Tsakiya	Baya
Kusa	i iː		ku ː
Tsakar	eː		oː
Bude		da aː

Kamar yadda yake a yawancin harsunan Bantu, haɗin kai na tsayin wasali (VHH) yana rinjayar ingancin wasula a cikin karin magana, ta yadda kawai tushen tushen wasalin fi’ili ya bambanta da ingancin wasali. Tsawon wasali ba ya ƙare bayan jerin baƙaƙe-glide da jeri na gaba na NC, inda ake samun dogayen wasulan kawai saboda tsarin da aka sani a cikin adabin Bantu azaman tsawaita diyya . (Duba Downing 1990, 1996 da Bayanin Orthography na Jita ^[4] don misalan waɗannan matakai daga Jita; duba Hyman 1999 da Odden 2015 don tattaunawa na gaba ɗaya na waɗannan hanyoyin sauti.)

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Jita tana da alamun IPA masu zuwa.

			Labari	Labarin-velar	Alveolar	Alveo-palatal	Velar	Gidan da ke cikin ruwa
Plosive		ba tare da murya ba	p		t		k
Plosive		murya			d		g
Fricative		ba tare da murya ba		f	s	ʃ		h
Fricative		murya	β	v	z
Rashin lafiya	ba tare da murya ba					t͡ʃ
Rashin lafiya	murya					d͡ʒ
Hanci			m		n	ɲ	ŋ
Ruwa					l/r
Trill
Kusanci			w			j

Sanarwar Jita Orthography ^[4] ta lura cewa [p] da [d] galibi ana samun su a cikin kalmomin aro. Da alama akwai bambanci mai yawa a cikin fahimtar sautin ruwa. Downing (1990, 1996) ya ce ana gane ruwa daban-daban a matsayin [l] ko [r] kuma yana zaɓar [l] a matsayin phoneme, tunda yana da alama shine bambancin da aka fi tabbatarwa a cikin tushen (morpheme) matsayi na farko. Van der Weken (2002) ya lura da bambancin tsakanin [l] da retroflex na gefe, maimakon trill [r]. Sanarwar Jita Orthography ^[4] ta lissafa [r] a matsayin phoneme kuma ba ta ambaci bambancin a cikin cikar ta ba.

Sauti

Kamar yawancin yarukan Bantu, Jita yana da sauti. Downing (1990), (1996), da (2014), da Ruwa Rolle (2018) sun yi cikakken bayani game da tsarin sautin Jita. Ayyuka kamar Downing (2011), Kisseberth & Odden (2003), Marlo (2013) da Philippson (1991) sun sanya matakai na Jita a cikin hangen nesa na Bantu.

Yanayin da aka saba amfani da shi

Sunayen a cikin Jita, wanda kuma ya haɗa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden, suna da tsarin morphological mai zuwa: Preprefix (PP) - Class Agreement Prefix (CP) - Stem. Da ke ƙasa akwai ginshiƙi na ƙididdigar yarjejeniya. Lura cewa ana amfani da haruffa na IPA a cikin dukkan ginshiƙai a cikin wannan labarin; duba Jita Orthography Statement ^[5] don daidaitattun Jita orthography. Lura cewa N yana nuna hanci wanda ke daidaitawa a wuri zuwa mai zuwa:

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Jita". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ De Blois, K.F. (1970). "The augment in the Bantu languages". Africana Linguistica (in Faransanci). 4 (1): 85–165. doi:10.3406/aflin.1970.879. ISSN 2033-8732.
↑ De Blois, K.F. (1970). "The augment in the Bantu languages". Africana Linguistica (in Faransanci). 4 (1): 85–165. doi:10.3406/aflin.1970.879. ISSN 2033-8732.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 "Jita orthography statement" (PDF). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ "Jita orthography statement" (PDF).

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Jita". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] De Blois, K.F. (1970). "The augment in the Bantu languages". Africana Linguistica (in Faransanci). 4 (1): 85–165. doi:10.3406/aflin.1970.879. ISSN 2033-8732.

[3] De Blois, K.F. (1970). "The augment in the Bantu languages". Africana Linguistica (in Faransanci). 4 (1): 85–165. doi:10.3406/aflin.1970.879. ISSN 2033-8732.

[:0-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 "Jita orthography statement" (PDF). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[:02-5] "Jita orthography statement" (PDF).

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