Harshen Kapingamarangi

Harshen Kapingamarangi
	leelee Kilinid
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) ; Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Harsunan Malay-Polynesian na Tsakiya da Gabas; Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Oceanic (en) ; Central–Eastern Oceanic (en) ; Central Pacific (en) ; Polynesian (en) ; Nuclear Polynesian (en) ; Harshen Kapingamarangi; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	kpg
Glottolog	kapi1249

Ka duba wannan shafin domin sanin yanda zaka gyara wannan mukalar Koyon rubuta mukala

Akwai yuwar admin ya goge wannan shafin matukar ba'a inganta ta ba.

Kapingamarangi yare ne na Polynesia da ake magana a cikin Tararrayan Micronesia . Tana da masu magana da asali 3,000 a shekarar 1995. Harshen yana da alaƙa da yaren Nukuoro.

Gabatarwa

Tarihi

Harshen Kapingamarangi yare ne da ake magana a tsibirai a cikin Tekun Pacific da mutane daga Kapingamarange, tsibirin Pohnpei, da kuma ƙauyen Pohnrakied a Pohnpei . Ana kuma samun ƙananan masu magana da Kapingamarangi a wasu tsibirai da ke kusa, ko kuma a cikin al'ummomi a duniya inda suka yi ƙaura.^[2] An fara rubuta Kapingamarangi ne a wani balaguro a cikin 1557 ta hanyar mai ba da hanya na Mutanen Espanya Hernando de Grijalva . ^[3] Kapingamarangi, wanda aka fi sani da Kirinit, an rarraba shi a cikin dangin yaren Austronesian, tare da sauran harsunan Pacific da yawa. Ana magana da harshen Kapingamarangi ba kawai a tsibirin Kapingamarange ba, har ma a ƙauyen Pohnrakied, wanda ke tsibirin Pohnpei.

Yawan jama'a

Kapingamarangi currently^[yaushe?] has three thousand total speakers: one thousand speakers on the atoll of Kapingamarangi and two thousand speakers in Pohnrakied village on Pohnpei. The people of Kapingamarangi are considered by Lieber and Dikepa to be of Polynesian ethnicity; the other seven states of the Federated States of Micronesia are categorized as being Micronesian.^[2]Samfuri:Fix-span The language status of Kapingamarangi is "educational", which means that the language is in vigorous use, maintaining standardization and literature throughout a widespread system in institutions of education.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]} The language has been developed to a point that it is used and sustained in people's homes and around the community.^[4]

Harshen haruffa

<WP">M">D="mwNO">G">B id="mwNQ">A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, Ng, O, P, T, U, W

Ana rubuta sautuna masu tsawo tare da sautuna biyu.^[2] Har ila yau, ƙamus na Lieber-Dikepa yana amfani da ƙamus biyu don wakiltar ƙamus masu burin a wasu lokuta, wato hanci (inda ninka ng shine nng), w, h, da l.

Fasahar sauti

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Kapingamarangi yana da ƙwayoyi 18: /p/, /ph/, /t/, /th/, /k/, /w/, /wh/, /h/, / hː/, /m/, /mh/, /n/, /nh/, /ŋ/, /hnh/,/, /ñh/, da /iz/.^[2]

Harshen Kapingamarangi
		Labari	Coronal	Dorsal / Laryngeal
Hanci	<small id="mweA">fili</small>	m	n	ŋ
Hanci	<small id="mwgg">da ake nema</small>	mʰ	nʰ	ŋʰ
Plosive	<small id="mwjg">fili</small>	p	t	k
Plosive	<small id="mwmA">da ake nema</small>	pʰ	tʰ	kʰ
Fricative	gajeren lokaci			h
Fricative	<small id="mwqw">Tsawon Lokaci</small>			hː
Kusanci / Flap	<small id="mwtw">fili</small>	w	ɺ
Kusanci / Flap	<small id="mwwA">da ake nema</small>	wʰ	ɺʰ

Sautin sautin

Kapingamarangi yana da wasula goma.^[2]

Sautin^[2]
	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Kusa	i iː		u uː
Tsakanin	da kumaːeː		o oː
Bude		a aː

Lieber da Dikepa suna rubuta dogon sautunan kamar yadda Shia, Shia, da Shia.^[2] Misali, duli 'tsuntsu' ya bambanta da dulii 'ƙarami' ko 'ƙarami'. ^[2]^[2]

Kalmomin wasula na Kapingamarangi suna da diphthongs saboda a cikin harshen Kapingamarange, yana yiwuwa a sami kowane wasula biyu kusa da juna. ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}[ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Misali, kalmar eidu '' tana da diphthong tare da haruffa /e/ da /i/ . ^[2]^[2] ^{[failed verification]}

Tsarin sautin

tsarin syllable na harshen Kapingamarangi shine VV, VVV, VCV, CVV, CCV, CVCV, da CCVCV.^[2] A cikin Kapingamarangi, kamar yawancin harsunan Polynesian, ba zai yiwu kalma ta ƙare a cikin ma'anar ba, amma yana yiwuwa a sami ma'anar biyu tare, muddin yana da harafi ɗaya. ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

Misali: Kalmar don gashi mara kyau shine libgo wwana . A cikin wannan kalmar, biyun (W's) suna tsaye tare a cikin kalmar wwana .

Harshen harshe

Tsarin kalmomi na asali

Akwai umarni guda uku a cikin harshen Kapingamarangi. Kalmar tsari na Kapingamarangi shine SVO (subject-verb-object), VSO (Verb Subject Object), ko OSV (Object Verb Subject). ^[3] SVO shine tsarin kalma da aka saba amfani dashi, sannan VSO, kuma a ƙarshe OSV shine mafi ƙarancin amfani kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin harshe. Tsarin kalma don tambayoyi iri ɗaya ne da suke don maganganu. A cikin bincike don ƙamus na Kapingamarangi, fassara tunani ko takamaiman amfani don madadin umarnin kalma ba su da tabbas.

Tsohon. Ka yi amfani da shi sosai.Yana zaune a gidan.

Yanayin Yanayi

Morphology wani muhimmin abu ne don fahimtar harshe na Kapingamarangi. Morphology shine bayanin bayanin kalmomi.^[3] Halin Kapingamarangi yana da yawa sosai. [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Kalmomin kalmomi a cikin Kapingamarangi sune sunaye, masu mallaka, masu nunawa, aikatau, sunaye, adverbs, adjectives, negatives, barbashi, conjunctions, da interjections.^[3]

Yawancin aikatau na iya ɗaukar prefix, amma har ma da karin aikatau suna ɗaukar suffix. Misali, aikatau na iya samun prefix kamar haka- a gaban kalma, da kuma suffix kamar -ina bayan kalma. Kamar harshen Faransanci, adjectives suna bin sunaye; kuma adverbs suna bin aikatau, adjectives, da / ko nunawa. Negatives a cikin Kapingamarangi nan da nan suna gaba da aikatau ko ƙwayoyin aikatau.^[3] Haɗuwa tana nuna alaƙar serial, kuma interjections suna nuna motsin rai.^[3]

Wakilan a cikin Kapingamarangi na iya zama biyu (mutane biyu), jam'i (fiye da mutane biyu), hadawa (ciki har da mai karɓa), ko kuma na musamman (ban da mai karɓar). Ana nuna alaƙar da ke tattare da ma'anar mo, wanda ke nufin "kuma".^[3] Misali, "David da ni" zai zama, "Kimaua mo David". Wakilan a cikin harshen Kapingamarangi sun bambanta da wakilan a cikin yaren Ingilishi. Wakilan a cikin Kapingamarangi ba takamaiman jinsi ba ne. Misali, Kinae yana nufin "shi ko ita"; saboda haka dole ne a fassara jinsi ta hanyar mahallin jumla ko tattaunawa.

Maimaitawa

Reduplication wani ra'ayi ne na yau da kullun wanda ya bayyana a cikin harshen Kapingamarangi, kuma ya dace da fahimtar harshe na Kapingamarange. Reduplication shine maimaita kalmar tushe.^[3] Ana iya samun sake maimaitawa na Kapingamarangi a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban guda biyu: sake maimaitawar ɓangare da cikakke. Cikakken nau'in sake maimaitawa ana samar da shi ta hanyar maimaita nau'in tushe, yayin da aka samar da raguwa ta hanyar maimaika nau'in tushen.^[2] Reduplication yawanci yana nuna ci gaba ko maimaitawa.^[3] Misali, tapa shine walƙiya guda ɗaya, yayin da Tapata ke maimaita walƙiya. A cikin Kapingamarangi, ana iya yin reduplication tare da sassan biyu na farko, ko kuma ana iya yin shi da sassan biyun ƙarshe. Akwai kalma ɗaya kawai a cikin ƙamus na Kapingamarangi wanda ke nuna wani nau'i mai sauyawa; kalmar Baba ita ce kawai kalmar da aka sake sauyawa, kuma tana sauyawa zuwa kalmar Babaa.^[2]

Tapa - walƙiya guda ɗaya na walƙiya
- Tapatapa - maimaitawa
Uii - karɓar 'ya'yan itace
- Uuii - ka zaɓi 'ya'yan itace
Waa - kururuwa
- Waawaa - maimaita murmushi
Mahi - ƙarfi, iko, kuzari
- Mahimahi - yana da wuyar fitarwa

Kayan aiki

Kapingamarangi has access to many different materials. One of the materials that the Kapingamarangi language has access to is an online talking dictionary. It is a dictionary where one can enter a word in English and it will automatically translate it to Kapingamarangi.Samfuri:Unreliable source? Many words in this dictionary also have a vocal response on how to pronounce the word, which is why it is called a talking dictionary. This is a resourceSamfuri:Unreliable source? because it not only provides visual correlations between the English and Kapinga translation for a word, but it also has vocal responses so that scholars of Kapingamarangi can hear a word and how to correctly pronounce it. A Kapingamarangi lexicon has also been published by Michael D. Lieber and Kalio H. Dikepa.^[2]

Kapingamarangi kuma yana da damar yin amfani da littattafai iri-iri, gami da ƙamus, littattafan da ke ƙunshe da bayanan harshe, har ma da littattafai game da tsibirin Kapingamarange. Yawancin masu magana da asali sun shiga cikin aikin fassarar da ya haifar da Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kapingamarangi . Wadannan albarkatu ne saboda suna cike da bayanai kuma abin dogaro ne sosai. Shafukan yanar gizo kamar Facebook da YouTube suma suna dauke da bayanai game da Kapingamarangi. Shafin Facebook shafin bita ne na Micronesia Language Revitalization kuma yana dauke da bayanai game da bita da aka gudanar a duk Micronesia, gami da Kapingamarangi. ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}Akwai bidiyon YouTube na hira da mai magana wanda ke da harsuna biyu a cikin Turanci da Kapinga kuma ya bayyana muhimmancin magana da Kapingamarangi da sake farfado da harshe.^[5] Har ila yau akwai zaɓin shayari a cikin Kapingamarangi .

It is likely that Kapingamarangi is being transmitted to children, because attempts to revitalize Kapingamarangi are being carried out, and the number of speakers keeps increasing. Since the language is taught in schools, it can be assumed that language is being passed down to the next generation. Since Kapingamarangi has so many resources for people to go to, children have access to a variety of resources to assist their education of the language.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]} Kapingamarangi is not endangered; however, it is threatened. The language is taught in schools and churches, but is not used in all domains.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]} According to Ethnologue, Kapingamarangi is taught in primary schools.Samfuri:Unreliable source? It is also used at home, in the community, and in churches. The language is at a current^[yaushe?] growing state, and might become a Samfuri:Fix-span language in the near future.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

Dubi kuma

Harshen Nukuoro
Yankin Polynesia
Harsunan Polynesia
Harshen Tokelauan

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Kapingamarangi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 Lieber & Dikepa 1974.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 ^3.7 ^3.8 Elbert 1946.
↑ "Culture". Government of the Federated States of Micronesia. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2014-09-08.
↑ "MICRONESIA: Kapingamarangi language: importance and counting". Exploring Cultures with Prof. David Harrison. Oct 17, 2013. Retrieved 2023-09-19 – via You Tube.

• "Howartson Heinrich Builds The Kapingamarangi Talking Dictionary". Connect with Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. Oct 25, 2013. Retrieved 2023-09-19.

• "<search>". Kapingamarangi ↔ English online talking dictionary. Retrieved 2023-09-19.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Kapingamarangi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[FOOTNOTELieberDikepa1974-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 Lieber & Dikepa 1974.

[FOOTNOTEElbert1946-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 ^3.7 ^3.8 Elbert 1946.

[4] "Culture". Government of the Federated States of Micronesia. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2014-09-08.

[5] "MICRONESIA: Kapingamarangi language: importance and counting". Exploring Cultures with Prof. David Harrison. Oct 17, 2013. Retrieved 2023-09-19 – via You Tube.

• "Howartson Heinrich Builds The Kapingamarangi Talking Dictionary". Connect with Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. Oct 25, 2013. Retrieved 2023-09-19.

• "<search>". Kapingamarangi ↔ English online talking dictionary. Retrieved 2023-09-19.

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