Harshen Kavalan

Harshen Kavalan
'Yan asalin magana	harshen asali: 70 (2015)
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) ; Harsunan Formosan; Harsunan Formosan na Gabas; Harshen Kavalan; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	ckv
Glottolog	kava1241

Kavalan (wanda aka fi sani da Kvalan, Kebalan ko Kbalan) an taɓa magana da shi a yankin arewa maso gabashin Taiwan ta Mutanen Kavalan. Harshen Formosan ne na Gabas na dangin Austronesian.

Ba a sake magana da Kavalan a cikin asalinsa. Ya zuwa 1930, an yi amfani da shi ne kawai a matsayin harshen gida. Ya zuwa 1987, har yanzu ana magana da shi a yankunan Atayal. A shekara ta 2000, har yanzu an bayar da rahoton cewa masu magana 24 ne ke magana da wannan yaren amma ana daukar shi a matsayin mai mutuwa.

A cikin 2017, wani binciken da ya yi amfani da ma'aunin EDGE daga kiyaye jinsuna ya gano cewa Kavalan, kodayake yana cikin haɗari, yana daga cikin mafi yawan harsunan Austronesian.^[2]

Harsuna

Kavalan ya ƙunshi waɗannan al'ummomin magana da aka ba da umarni daga arewa zuwa kudu:

Kariawan (Jialiwan 加禮宛) - kusa da Hualien, wani yanki na Sakizaya
Patʀungan (Xinshe 新社) - wanda ke cikin Hualien" id="mwKQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fengbin, Hualien">Fungpin, Hualien
Kulis (Hanyar Gudanarwa)
Kralut (Zhangyuan)

Wadannan al'ummomin magana a gabashin Taiwan an sanya musu suna ne bayan tsofaffin ƙauyuka daga arewa, kamar Kariawan, Sahut, da Tamayan, inda mutanen Kavalan suka yi ƙaura daga. Masu magana da Kavalan na zamani suna kewaye da Amis.

Tsuchida (1985) ya lura cewa jerin kalmomin da aka tattara daga Lamkham 南 (Nankan) da Poting 埔頂 (Buding) sun fi kusa da Kavalan, yayin da Li (2001) ya ƙidaya su a matsayin yarukan 'Basaic'. ^[3]

Yawancin Kavalan na iya magana da Amis, Taiwanese, Mandarin, da Jafananci.

Fasahar sauti

Akwai ƙwayoyin 15 da wasula 4 a cikin Kavalan.^[4]

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
		Biyuwa	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Rashin ƙarfi
Hanci		m	n			ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t			k	q
Plosive	voiced	b
Fricative	voiceless		s
Fricative	voiced		z	Sanya ~ d]			ʁ
Kusanci				l [l ~ ɾ]	j	w

Sautin sautin
	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Kusa	i		u
Tsakanin		ə
Bude	a

A cikin Kavalan, alamun Proto-Austronesian sun haɗu kamar haka:

*n, *N, *j, *ɲ a matsayin n
*t, *T, *c kamar t
*d, *D, *Z a matsayin z
*s, *S kamar s
*q, *ʔ, *H an share su

Wadannan alamun Proto-Austronesian sun rabu:

*k cikin q da k
*l cikin r da ʁ (an rubuta shi a matsayin R)
*a cikin i (idan kusa da q) da kuma

The Kavalan language is also notable for having a large inventory of consonant clusters. It is also one of the only two Formosan languages that has geminate consonants, with the other one being Basay. Consonant gemination is also common in the northern Philippine languages, but is non-existent in the Central Philippine languages except for Rinconada Bikol.

Harshen harshe

Yanayin Yanayi

Ana rarrabe sunayen Kavalan da aikatau ta hanyar rashin /a / a cikin sashi na farko (sunayen) ko kasancewar /a / (verbs). Kalmomin Kavalan suna ɗaukar tsarin (C) (C) V (C) Kavalan kuma yana daya daga cikin harsuna biyu na Formosan da ke da ma'anar geminating.

m- (mai da hankali)
-um-/-m- (mai da hankali)
-in/-n- a matsayin bambance-bambance na ni- (marasa lafiya)
-a (maras ma'auni mai haƙuri)
-an (maɓallin mai da hankali, mai ba da suna)
-i (mai mahimmanci, mai haƙuri)
pa- (mai haifar da shi)
qa- (na gaba)

Ba kamar sauran harsunan Formosan ba, babu *-en suffix.

Rubuce-rubuce

Kavalan, kamar sauran harsunan Formosan da Philippine, yana da alamomi da yawa.

Nominative: a/ya
Wajibi ne: ka, kai
Halitta: na, ni
Locative: sa, ta-an

Nau'o'in mayar da hankali a Kavalan sun hada da:

Wakilin
Mai haƙuri
Gidauniyar
Kayan aiki
Mai amfana

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Kavalan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Perrault, Nicolas; Farrell, Maxwell J.; Davies, T. Jonathan (2017). "Tongues on the EDGE: Language Preservation Priorities Based on Threat and Lexical Distinctiveness". Royal Society Open Science (in Turanci). 4 (12): 171218. Bibcode:2017RSOS....471218P. doi:10.1098/rsos.171218. PMC 5750020. PMID 29308253. S2CID 23970007.
↑ Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2001). "The Dispersal of the Formosan Aborigines in Taiwan" (PDF). Language and Linguistics / Yǔyán jì yǔyánxué (in Turanci). 2 (1): 271–278. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-08.
↑ Moriguchi, Tsunekazu (1983). "An Inquiry into Kbalan Phonology" (PDF). Journal of Asian and African Studies (in Turanci). 26: 202–219. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-08-01. Retrieved 2025-02-24.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Kavalan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Perrault2017-2] Perrault, Nicolas; Farrell, Maxwell J.; Davies, T. Jonathan (2017). "Tongues on the EDGE: Language Preservation Priorities Based on Threat and Lexical Distinctiveness". Royal Society Open Science (in Turanci). 4 (12): 171218. Bibcode:2017RSOS....471218P. doi:10.1098/rsos.171218. PMC 5750020. PMID 29308253. S2CID 23970007.

[3] Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2001). "The Dispersal of the Formosan Aborigines in Taiwan" (PDF). Language and Linguistics / Yǔyán jì yǔyánxué (in Turanci). 2 (1): 271–278. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-08.

[4] Moriguchi, Tsunekazu (1983). "An Inquiry into Kbalan Phonology" (PDF). Journal of Asian and African Studies (in Turanci). 26: 202–219. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-08-01. Retrieved 2025-02-24.

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