Harshen Khwarshi

Harshen Khwarshi
'Yan asalin magana	1,740 (2010)
Dangin harshen	abu; abstract entity (en) ; languoid (en) ; language (en) ; human language (en) ; Ibero-Caucasian (en) ; Northeast Caucasian (en) ; Dagestanian (en) ; Tsezic (en) ; Khwarshi; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	no value
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	khv
Glottolog	khva1239

Khwarshi (wanda kuma aka rubuta Xvarshi, Khvarshi) yare ne na Arewa maso gabashin Caucasian da ake magana a cikin gundumomin Tsumadinsky-, Kizilyurtovsky- da Khasavyurtovsky na Dagestan da Mutanen Khwarshi. Ba a san ainihin adadin masu magana ba, amma masanin harshe Zaira Khalilova, wanda ya gudanar da aikin gona a cikin lokacin daga 2005 zuwa 2009, ya ba da adadi 8,500.^[2] Sauran tushe suna ba da ƙananan adadi, kamar Ethnologue tare da adadi 1,870 ^[3] da kuma sabon Ƙididdigar yawan jama'a na Rasha tare da adadin 3,296. Ƙananan adadi saboda yawancin Khwarshi sun yi rajistar kansu a matsayin masu magana da Avar, saboda Avar shine yarensu na wallafe-wallafen.^[2]

Akwai yaruka shida na yaren Khwarshi bisa ga rarrabawar su. Harsunan sune: Upper da Lower Inkhokwari, Kwantlada, Santlada, Khwayni da Khwarshi Daidai, sun samo asali ne daga ƙauyukansu a cikin Gundumar Tsumadinsky. Saboda ƙaura, al'ummomin Kwantlada-, Upper da Lower Inkhokwari suma suna cikin Oktyabrskoe, [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Al'ummomin da ke magana da Santlada suna cikin Pervomayskoe da Khwarshi Al'ummomi masu magana da kyau suna cikin Mutsalaul.

Fasahar sauti

Abubuwan da ke tattare da sauti na Khwarshi suna da girma, tare da kusan alamomi 87 daban-daban. Shahararrun hanyoyin phonological sun haɗa da daidaitawa, jituwa ta wasali, da kuma nasalization da ke faruwa. Tsarin syllabic na Khwarshi kuma yana da sauƙi, tare da (C) V (C) kasancewa mafi yawan tsari, wanda V (C). An ba da izinin kalma-da farko.^[2]

Sautin sautin

Khwarshi yana da jimlar sautin sautin 21, gami da tsawon sautin da nasalization.^[2]

	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Kusa	i	ɨ	u
Tsakanin Tsakiya	e		o
Bude	a

Duk sautunan da ke sama suna da takwaransa mai tsawo, wanda koyaushe yana cikin sautin da aka jaddada. Duk sautin na iya faruwa a cikin sassan da aka rufe (watau (C) VC), kuma duk sai /ɨ/ suna faruwa a cikin sautin da aka buɗe (watau, C) V). /ɨ/ ba ya faruwa a cikin yarukan Khwarshi da suka dace da Inkhokwari.^[2]

	A gaba	Komawa
Kusa	ĩ	ũ
Tsakanin Tsakiya	ẽ	õ
Bude	ã

Dukkanin wasulan hanci da ke sama sai dai /ĩ/ suna da takwaransa mai tsawo.
Babu wani nau'in nasal na /ɨ/.
Yaren Khwarshi da ya dace ba shi da wasula na nasalized kuma ya maye gurbin waɗannan da takwarorinsu marasa nasalized.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Khwarshi yana da ƙwayoyin 66: ^[2]

		Biyuwa		Alveolar					Palatal		Velar			Rashin ƙarfi				Faringel	Gishiri
		Biyuwa		tsakiya		<small id="mwyA">gefen</small>			Palatal		Velar			Rashin ƙarfi					Gishiri
		fili	<small id="mwzg">Far.</small>	fili	<small id="mw0w">Lab.</small>	fili	Lab.	<small id="mw2g">aboki.</small>	fili	Lab.	fili	Lab.	Far.	fili	Lab.	Far.	Far.+lab.		fili	Far.
Hanci		m	Ya kasance	n
Plosive	ba tare da murya ba	p	Yanayi	t	(biyu)						k	kw	Ya ce:	q	qw	QIYA
	murya	b	Bishara	d	dw						g	gw	Gishiri
	fitarwa	pʼ	Ya ce	tʼ	biyuʼ						kʼ	kwʼ	Ya ce	qʼ	qwʼ	QIYA	QIWani
Rashin lafiya	ba tare da murya ba			t͡s		t͡ɬ			t͡ʃ
Rashin lafiya	fitarwa			t͡sʼ	t͡swʼ	t͡ɬʼ	t͡ɬwʼ		t͡ʃʼ	t͡ʃwʼ
Fricative	ba tare da murya ba			s	sw	ɬ			ʃ	ʃw	x			χ	χw	An yi amfani da shi a matsayin	An yi amfani da shi a matsayin	ħ	h	Ya kasance
Fricative	murya			z	zw				ʒ	ʒw				ʁ	ʁw	Sanya	An yi amfani da shi	Sanya
Trill				r
Kusanci						l		lj	j			w

Ba a bayyana ko /tw/ yana cikin Khwarshi ko a'a ba, kamar yadda Zaira Khalilova ba ta haɗa shi a cikin taswirarta ba, amma duk da haka yana ba da ƙananan nau'i wanda ke nuna bambanci tsakanin /t/ da /tw/: /eta/ "Taɓawa" da //etʷa// "tafiye". Sabili da haka, an nuna shi a cikin parentheses a cikin ginshiƙi da ke sama.

Dukkanin consonants za a iya samun su a cikin ƙamus na asali, amma wasu daga cikinsu duk da haka sun fi wuya fiye da wasu, kuma wasu galibi ana samun su a kalmomin aro, kamar su / z / wanda kusan kawai ya faru a cikin kalmomin aro na asalin Larabci. Wani misali shine /x/, wanda aka samo kawai a cikin kalmomin aro na asalin Avar.

Ba a samun ma'anar palatalised da duk ma'anar pharyngealized a cikin Khwarshi Daidai ba, amma ana iya samun su a duk sauran yaruka. Ka yi la'akari da misali kalmar Khwarshi Daidai /χililːu/ "mai shan giya", wanda a cikin sauran yaruka shine /χhuiljiljːu/ .

Jima'i

Gemination tsari ne na yau da kullun a cikin Khwarshi, wanda ya haifar da matakai na ilimin lissafi. Jemination kawai yana faruwa ne intervocally kuma ba duk consonants geminate ba. Waɗanne ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadyadaddun suna da bambanci bisa ga waɗanne matakai ne suke wani ɓangare na su, kuma ya dogara da yaren.

Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin wasu matakai da ke haifar da gemination:

Lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ƙarshen /-u/ zuwa maɓallin magana wanda ya ƙare a cikin ma'anar, ma'anar ƙarshe tana da ma'ana, misali /lat͡sʼ-a/ "don cin" > /lat͡sʼ-ːu/ "ci".
Lokacin da ake amfani da ƙarshen lokaci na yanzu, wanda gabaɗaya shine /-ʃe/, ma'anar ƙarshe tana da ma'ana, misali /lat͡sʼ-a/ "don cin" > /lat͡s-ːe/ "don ci". Lura cewa fitarwa ta ɓace tare da ƙarshen lokaci na yanzu, yayin da aka kiyaye shi tare da ƙarshen ɓangaren da ya gabata.
Lokacin da ake amfani da kalmar magana mai ƙare /-nu/ zuwa maɓallin magana, kalmar magana mai ƙarshen tana da haɗin kai - ba ma'anar ƙarshe ba, misali /tʼa-ja/ "don saukewa" > /tʼ a-nːu/ "wani abu da aka sauke".
Lokacin da aka sanya alamar mai yuwuwa /-l-/ zuwa maɓallin magana, alamar mai yufuwa tana da geminated, misali /tʼa-ja/ "don saukewa" > /tʼ a-lː-a/ ""don yiwuwar sauka"".
Lokacin "da gaske" buƙatar jaddadawa, ana iya haɗa ƙwayoyin wasu kalmomi, misali / zāyan/ "da yawa" > zāyan / "da yawa". Ko da yake yana da ma'ana sosai, kuma ba ya aiki ga dukkan kalmomi.

A cikin kalmomin aro, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadyadaddun ba su da ƙayyadadda, lokacin da aka karɓa cikin yaren Khwarshi. Misali, kalmar Avar /kʼːara/ "Sauro" ana samun ta a matsayin /kʼara/ a cikin Khwarshi. Haka kuma yake ga kalmomin asalin Tindi kamar /kʼːanu/ ""ƙaramin"", wanda aka samo a matsayin /kʼanu/ a cikin Khwarshi. Wani bangare mai ban sha'awa na kalmomin aro na asalin Tindi a cikin harshen Khwarshi shine cewa ana fitar da ƙwayoyin lokacin da suka shiga harshen Khwarsh, misali Tindi /t͡/t͡sːikʷːa/ / "ƙaramin hanji" > Khwarshi /t͡/t͡sʼikʷʼa/ / .

Harshen harshe

Sunaye

sunaye Khwarshi suna canzawa don shari'ar'a, wanda akwai 50, da adadi, guda ɗaya ko jam'i, kuma suna cikin ɗaya daga cikin jinsi biyar, ko kuma sunayen suna. Ba za a iya ganin sunan na wani takamaiman aji a kan sunan kanta ba, amma ta hanyar yarjejeniya.

Nau'o'in suna

Akwai nau'o'i biyar a cikin mutum ɗaya, amma bambanci ne kawai tsakanin ɗan adam da waɗanda ba ɗan adam ba a cikin jam'i, ɗan adam namiji da ɗan adam sun haɗu cikin ɗan adam, kuma sauran nau'o-infanni sun shiga cikin waɗanda ba ɗan Adam ba.

Ɗalibin	Bayyanawa	Mai banbanci			Yawancin mutane
Ɗalibin	Bayyanawa	Gabatarwa	Ƙaddamarwa	Suffix	Gabatarwa	Ƙaddamarwa	Suffix
Na	Mutumin namiji	∅-²	⟨w⟩	-w	b-, m-¹	⟨b⟩	-b
Na biyu	Mutumin mace	j-	⟨j⟩	-j	b-, m-¹	⟨b⟩	-b
Na Uku	Abubuwa marasa rai, da dabbobi	b-, m-¹	⟨b⟩	-b	l-, n-¹	⟨r⟩	-l
Na huɗu	Abubuwa marasa rai, da abubuwa masu rai	l-, n-¹	⟨r⟩	-l
V	Abubuwa marasa rai, da sunayen matasa	j-	⟨j⟩	-j

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Khwarshi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Khalilova 2009.
↑ "Ethnologue entry for Khwarshi". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2012-07-21.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Khwarshi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[FOOTNOTEKhalilova2009-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Khalilova 2009.

[Ethnologue-3] "Ethnologue entry for Khwarshi". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2012-07-21.

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