Harshen Koasati

Koasati
Kowassá꞉ti
Asali a	United States
Yanki	Elton, Louisiana and Livingston, Texas
Ƙabila	Koasati people
'Yan asalin magana	c. 370 (2015 census)
Dangin harshen	Muskogean Eastern Alabama–Koasati Koasati
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	cku
Glottolog	koas1236
Koasati is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Koasati (kuma Coushatta) yare ne na asalin ƙasar Amirka na asalin mutanan Muskogean . Mutanen Coushatta ne ke magana da yaren, mafi yawansu suna zaune a Allen Parish a arewacin garin Elton, Louisiana, kodayake ƙaramin adadi yana da ajiya kusa da Livingston, Texas, tare da mutanen Alabama. A cikin shekara ta 1991, masanin harshe Geoffrey Kimball ya kiyasta yawan masu magana da harshe a kusan mutane 400, daga cikinsu kimanin 350 suna zaune a Louisiana. Ba a san ainihin adadin masu magana a yanzu ba, amma jami'an kabilar Coushatta sun yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin mambobin kabilar sama da 20 suna magana da Koasati. A cikin shekara ta 2007, Ƙabilar Coushatta ta Louisiana, tare da hadin gwiwar Jami'ar Jihar McNeese da Kwalejin William da Maryamu, sun fara aikin Koasati (Coushatta) a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin sake farfado da harshe tare da tallafin kuɗi na Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa a karkashin shirin Documenting Endangered Languages.

Koasati yana da alaƙa da Harshen Alabama amma, kodayake Coushatta da Alabama sun zauna kusa da juna a tarihi, yarensu ba su da fahimtar juna ba tare da nunawa mai yawa. Harshen kuma yana da alaƙa da yaren Mikasuki; wasu masu magana da harshen Coushatta sun ba da rahoton cewa za su iya fahimtar Mikasuki ba tare da bayyanar da harshen ba.

Fasahar sauti

Sautin sautin

Koasati yana da wasula uku, dukansu suna faruwa a matsayin gajere da tsawo kuma ana iya sa su. Shafin da ke biyowa ya dogara ne akan aikin Kimball. Kimball ya bayyana abin da ke kusa da tsakiyar baya /o/ a matsayin "babban baya", saboda haka sanya shi a cikin ginshiƙi da ke ƙasa. Ya lura cewa /o/ wani lokacin yana da allophone [u] kuma an ɗaga shi zuwa [ʊ] a cikin kalmomin ƙarshe na ƙarshe.

	Takaitaccen			Tsawon Lokaci
	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Tsayi (kusa)	i		o	iː		oː
Ƙananan (buɗe)		a			aː

A cikin shekara ta 2007, kabilar Coushatta ta Louisiana ta haɓaka kuma ta amince da tsarin rubutun kanta. A cikin wannan tsarin, ana rubuta sautuna masu tsawo ta hanyar ninka sautuna (misali, [aː] a matsayin aa), kuma ana nuna sautunan nasalized (misali , [õ] ko [[ a matsayin o̱).

Tsawon sautin a cikin Koasati na iya zama bambanci. Misali, tsawon wasula yana rarrabe ma'anar palana "bean" da Palaana "plate", da kuma choba "babban" da chooba "doki". Sautin sautin sautin sau da yawa yana faruwa a ƙarshe a matsayin alamar magana. A cikin Koasati, ƙarshen jumla ana nuna shi ta hanyar ko dai share wasula ta ƙarshe da ba a haɗa shi ba ko kuma nasalization na wasula ta karshe lokacin da share shi zai kawar da bayanin sauti wanda ya dace da ma'anar kalmar. Misali, wasula ta ƙarshe a cikin hopoonilaho' "zai / za ta dafa shi" an yi amfani da shi maimakon share shi, sabili da haka an bambanta shi daga mafi mahimmancin hopoonilaha̱, inda ma'anar gaba -laha- ta nuna cewa aikin zai faru tabbas, yayin da ma'anar nan gaba -laho- ba ta samar da irin wannan tabbaci ba.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Koasati yana da ƙididdigar da aka bayar a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa, bisa ga aikin Geoffrey Kimball. Rubutun IPA suna faruwa a cikin ƙuƙwalwa lokacin da ya bambanta da rubutun da Kimball ya bayar.

		Labari	Dental	Palato-alveolar	Velar	Gishiri
Dakatar da	fili	p [pʰ]	t [tʰ]	c [t͡ʃh][t͡ʃʰ]	k [kʰ]	ʼ [ʔ]
	murya	b
Fricative	fili	f [yanayin][ɸ]	th [ɬ]	s		h [h]
	murya					h [ɦ]
Hanci		m	n
Hanyar gefen			l
Glide		w		kuma [j]

Ba a haɗa shi a cikin wannan ginshiƙi ba shine glottal glide (marki ꞉) wanda Kimball ke amfani da shi a cikin ginshiƙansa, mai yiwuwa don wakiltar sautunan wasali masu tsawo na Koasati. A cikin rubutun hukuma na kabilar, [ɬ] yana wakiltar ⟨th⟩ kuma [t͡ʃ] yana wakilci da ⟨ch⟩, ba tare da bambanci ga burin ba. Bugu da ƙari, Kimball ya lura cewa /p/, /t/, da /k/ suna da burin a matsayi na farko da na tsakiya. Koyaya, shafin yanar gizon Koasati Language Project a bayyane ya bayyana cewa waɗannan ƙamus ba a taɓa yin burin su ba. [ɦ] yana faruwa sau da yawa kafin [t͡ʃ], kamar yadda yake a cikin [haɦt͡ʃí] "kogin", wanda aka rubuta a cikin rubutun hukuma, don haka ya bambanta da "tail".

Tsarin sautin

Koasati yana da sassan haske (CV, VC, V) da nauyi (CVC). Ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin suna faruwa a fadin sassan amma ba a ciki ba. Duk kalmomin Koasati masu kama da juna sun ƙare a cikin sassan haske, yayin da sassan ƙarshe na iya zama haske amma yawanci yana da nauyi, kuma yawanci ana gaba da shi da sassan haske ɗaya ko fiye, kamar yadda yake tare da CV na gini.CVC.CV kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmar holihtá "tsare". Sauran siffofi, wanda ɗaya ko fiye da sassan da ke da nauyi suna gaba da sashi mai nauyi (misali CV.CVC.CVC,CV kamar yadda yake a cikin hacokpalpá "butterfly"), ko kuma sassan da suka fi nauyi da haske (misaliCVC.CV.CVC-CV.CV.CV kamar yadda a cikin pa꞉piyá꞉ka "bridge"), yawanci shine sakamakon haɗuwa da kalmomi biyu ko sau ɗaya na mulkin da aka cire wasula na kowane sashi na biyu ban da na ƙarshe. Ƙungiyoyin sautin suna faruwa a cikin Koasati, ba kamar sauran harsunan Muskogean ba inda irin waɗannan ɗakunan ba za su yiwu ba ta hanyar metathesis da share sautin. Wadannan tarin suna faruwa a Koasati saboda amfani da prefixes na locative wanda ya ƙare a cikin wasali da aji 1A mummunan kalmomi masu wucewa tunda waɗannan ba sa fuskantar matakai na metathesis da share wasula. Ƙungiyoyin da ke farawa da /a꞉/ da /i꞉/ sun fi yawa, kuma duk ƙungiyoyin ana magana da su gabaɗaya tare da tsayawa tsakanin wasula.

Sauti

Koasati yana da ƙananan [Idan], babban [' ], da kuma sautin sautin saurin sautin sauka na huɗu. Dukkanin tushen suna dole ne su sami sautin sauti guda ɗaya. Yanayin karin magana ya dogara da kaddarorin syllable na ƙarshe. Tare da 'yan kaɗan, faɗakarwa ta faɗi a kan sashi na ƙarshe sai dai idan sashi na biyu ya ƙunshi dogon wasali. Wadannan faɗakarwa na iya zama masu banbanci, kamar yadda yake tare da sakihpʹ 'Mink ne.' da sakíhpʹ' 'Ba iska ba.' Matsayi a kan kalmomi yana motsawa ta hanyar yanayin halitta. Yawancin kalmomin nunawa suna ɗaukar babban magana, kodayake wasu suna ɗaukar ƙananan magana. Kalmomin da ke da ƙarfi suna ɗaukar faɗuwar faɗuwa.

Hanyoyin sauti

• /c/ a cikin rubutun Kimball, ko /ch/ a cikin tsarin rubutun kabilar hukuma, wani lokacin ana gane shi azaman [ts] kafin resonants: cf. awó yáhci "yana kama da kakan" an gane shi a matsayin [awó yahtsi].
• A lokuta masu wuya, /k/ ana sanya shi a labialized zuwa kafin /o/: cf. Akó "wannan" → [akkwó]
• /s/ yana da kalmar palatal allophone [š] da farko kafin /o/ kuma intervocalically: cf. sopátlit "ta tsaftace shi" → [šopátlit]
• Lokacin da /s/ ya faru kafin da kuma bayan wasali, allophone na farko /s/ yana daidaitawa da na biyu. Misali, sóslit ('ya fatar su') ba a furta shi ba amma [sóslit].
• Ba sau da yawa, /s/ na iya samun allophone [r] lokacin da ya faru da kalma-a ƙarshe: cf. O꞉támmo꞉s "yana da faɗuwar rana kawai" → [o꞉tám mo꞉r]
• A cikin matsayi na ƙarshe, /h/ ya zama ci gaba mara murya na wasula da ya biyo baya. Wannan kuma na iya faruwa bayan wasula a wasu matsayi. Misali, Iltóhnot "ta yi aiki" ya zama [iltóónot].
• /h/ za a iya furta shi zuwa [ɦ], yawanci kafin c, kamar yadda aka tattauna a sama tare da [haɦchi].
• /l/ wani lokacin ana gane shi azaman /n/, kamar yadda yake tare da intolihná "aiki" → [iltolihná]. Ba sau da yawa, ana gane shi a matsayin [r] ta hanyar intervocalic.
• Sautin /i/ yana canzawa zuwa [ɪ] a cikin dukkan sassan da aka rufe, kuma /o/ yana canza zuwa [ʊ] lokacin da ya faru a cikin sassan ƙarshe na ƙarshe: cf. hókfit "ta sanya shi" → [hókfɪt]; Ikbot "bai kashe shi ba" → [íkbʊt]
• Sautin /i/ da /o/ kuma ba su da yawa suna da allophones [ɛ] da [u] bi da bi, kodayake ainihin dalilin ba shi da tabbas: cf. yilahá "orange (ya'yan itace) " → [yɛlahá]; solitá꞉wa "soja" → [sulitá꞉wa]