Harshen Kri

Harshen Kri
'Yan asalin magana	250 (2009)
Dangin harshen	Austroasiatic (en) ; Mon-Khmer (en) ; Vietic (en) ; Harshen Kri; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	khap1242

Kri (Krìì) yare ne na Vietic da Mutanen Kri na Laos da Vietnam ke magana da shi.

Sunayen

Sauran sunayen Kri sun haɗa da Karii, K[a]ri-Phoong, Kha Phoong, Coi, da Salang .

Rarraba

Masu magana da Kri suna zaune a kwarin Upper Ñrong (Nam Noy) na Lardin Khammouane, Laos, da kuma wasu wurare a cikin Yankin Kula da Biodiversity na Nakai-Nam. Yana da fahimtar juna tare da Pròòngq, wanda ake magana a ƙauyuka da yawa daga Kri (Enfield & Diffloth 2009).

Ana kuma magana da Kri a cikin ƙauyuka masu zuwa na Laos da Vietnam.

Lardin Khammouane, Laos
- Ban Thung / Tong
- Ban Toong
- Ban Poung
Lardin Hà Tĩnh, Vietnam
- Phú Gia
- Japan Giang

Tarihi

Kri suna kiran kansu mleeng Kri, kuma yarensu meengq Kri. Su ne manoma da ke motsawa a kowace shekara 2-3 tsakanin wuraren ƙauyuka da suka riga sun kasance (Chamberlain 1998). Ana rushe gidaje bayan mutuwar memba na gida, sannan kuma ana amfani da kayan gida don gina sabon gida a wani wuri daban. Baya ga yaren Kri, manya da yawa, musamman maza, suma suna da ƙwarewa a cikin Vietnamese, Saek, Bru, da Lao.

Kri ta yi nazarin ta hanyar binciken harshe na Rasha-Vietnamese a cikin shekarar 2012.

Fasahar sauti

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Harshen a cikin Kri sune:

Ma'anar ^[2]
		Labari	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Gishiri
Hanci		m	n		ɲ	ŋ
Dakatar da	fashewa	ɓ	ɗ		ʄ
	An yi amfani da shi	p	t	ʈʂ	c	k	ʔ
	da ake nema	pʰ	tʰ	ʈʂʰ		kʰ
Fricative			s				h
Kusanci		w	l	r~ ya ceʐ	j~ ya ceʝ	ɣ

Ƙarshen

Waɗannan su ne ƙididdigar da za su iya zuwa a ƙarshen syllable a Kri:

	Biyuwa	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
An bincika shi	[pˀ]	[tˀ]		[kˀ]
Hanci	[m]	[n]	[ɲ]	[ŋ]
Magana	[w]	[l] , [r]	[j]	Sautin sautin

Yi la'akari da cewa dukansu sun bambanta, kuma cewa wasula, ƙwayoyin hanci, da ƙwayoyin baki na iya bincika ƙarshen. Ƙarshen Magana na iya zama mara murya.

Sautin sautin

Gajerun sautin

Gajerun sautin
		A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Ba a kasa ba	Mai nauyi	i	Ƙari	u
Ba a kasa ba	Haske	ɪ	ə	o
Ƙananan	Mai nauyi	Sanya	Ya kasance	Owu
Ƙananan	Haske	ɛ	a	Ƙarshen

Yanayin Yanayi

Kri yana da wasu siffofi, ƙasa da Khmu amma fiye da Vietnamese.

Ƙaddamarwa mai haifar da shi

Ana iya saka -a- a cikin kalmomi tare da ma'anar farko guda biyu, tsakanin su. Wannan infix ya juya kalma mai wucewa zuwa kalma mai wuce gona da iri, ƙara wakili. Hakanan yana iya juya suna zuwa aikatau. Ga wasu misalai:

praang - don ƙetare
paraang - don ɗaukar wani a fadin

slôj - don a wanke shi ta hanyar ruwa mai gudana
salôôj - don zubar da ruwa mai gudana, don barin wani abu ya wanke

kleeh - ya fadi
kaleeh - don cirewa

blang - na idanu, don buɗewa (kamar ƙaramin kare)
Bala - don buɗe idanun mutum

ckaang - tsawon hannu
Kakaang - don auna wani abu da hannu

Nominalising Infix

Ana sanya -rn- infix bayan sautin farko guda ɗaya. Wannan ƙayyadaddun yana yin suna daga aikatau:

Ya zauna - don ya makale ƙafarsa
Srnat - wani wuri

Tsuntsaye - don rayuwa
krnoq - gida

kadôôlq - don hutawa da kai a kan wani abu
krdôôlq - matashin kai

Halin Magana

Akwai nau'o'i uku na musantawa: déêh, laa, da cóù . Akwai halaye daban-daban. Cùù yana faruwa kafin batun (misali jumla da farko). Dukansu Deêh da La na iya faruwa a gaban aikatau (bayan batun). Dêêh ya bambanta da laa a cikin wannan déêh na iya faruwa a cikin mahalli na ellipsis (watau a matsayin kalma mai zaman kanta bayan tambayoyi). ^[2]

Akwai alamun TAM iri-iri (wanda ke ba da bayani game da lokacin, fasalin, ko yanayi) na maganganu.^[2]

Rubuce-rubuce

Tsarin kalma na asali na Kri shine SVO, kodayake jayayya ellipsis da gaban masu jefa kuri'a sun zama ruwan dare. Bugu da ƙari, babu alamar shari'a ko yarjejeniyar ƙetare.^[2]

Yankin Magana

Tsarin maganganu na jerin suna da alamar bayyane na biyayya (kùù). ^[2]

Yankin da aka ba da shi

Wakilan Kri suna nuna ƙwarewa ga lambobi uku na ilimin lissafi a cikin Kri (mosi, biyu da jam'i), da kuma bambanci mai ban sha'awa / na musamman, da kuma (don mutum ɗaya) bambanci mai ladabi / bambanci. Ana yin bambancin jinsi ne kawai a cikin siffofin ladabi na mutum na uku. Ana amfani da siffofin ladabi lokacin da akwai nisa na zamantakewa da ya dace (misali ta hanyar shekaru ko dangi).

Sunayen Mutum
		na musamman		biyu	jam'i
		bare	Mai ladabi	biyu	jam'i
Mutum na farko	na musamman	Tikkpaank	ko kuma	Biyu	Kafi
Mutum na farko	hada da	Tikkpaank	ko kuma	saa	Ka'ida
Mutum na biyu		cakulan	Wannan shi ne	maar	addu'a
Mutum na uku	mata	hanq	mooq	Yaro da	nasa
Mutum na uku	namiji	hanq	qôông	Yaro da	nasa

Masu rarraba

Ana iya amfani da mai rarrabawa longq (amma ba lallai ba ne a) don bayyana mallaka. Har ila yau, akwai gine-ginen ƙididdigar lambobi. Wadannan za a iya ba da umarni Lamba-Classifier-Noun ko Lamba-Slassifier.^[2]

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Kri". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Enfield, Nicholas J.; Diffloth, Gérard (2009). "Phonology and sketch grammar of Kri, a Vietic language of Laos" (PDF). Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 38 (1): v-69. doi:10.1163/1960602809X00063.

Ƙarin karantawa

Enfield, N.J.; Diffloth, Gérard (2009). "Phonology and sketch grammar of Kri, a Vietic language of Laos" (PDF). Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 38 (1): 3–69. doi:10.1163/1960602809x00063. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)

Haɗin waje

http://sealsxxii.vjf.cnrs.fr/Documents/Abstract-Enfield.pdf Archived 2020-09-21 at the Wayback Machine An adana shi 2020-09-21 a

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Kri". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Enfield, Nicholas J.; Diffloth, Gérard (2009). "Phonology and sketch grammar of Kri, a Vietic language of Laos" (PDF). Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 38 (1): v-69. doi:10.1163/1960602809X00063.

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