Harshen Kwʼadza
| Harshen Kwʼadza | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
wka |
| Glottolog |
kwad1248[1] |
Kwʼadza (Qwadza), ko Ngomvia, wani yaren Kudancin Cushitic ne wanda aka taɓa magana a Tanzania a Gundumar Bahi . Mai magana na karshe ya mutu a wani lokaci tsakanin 1976 da 1999.
Saitawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutanen Kwʼadza sun rayu a cikin ƙarni na 20 da ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 tsakanin Gogo da Sandawe, kuma sun ba da rahoton cewa kwanan nan sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin daga Uzigua. Sun kasance masu aikin gona da ke shuka sorghum, masara da millet; dabbobin gida da aka sani sun kasance shanu, jaki, awaki, tumaki, kurciya, kaji da karnuka. Sunan "Ngomvia" ya samo asali ne daga Ungomvia, sunan Gogo na yankin zama na ƙarshe. Daga wannan tushe kuma an samo sunayen Wangomvia ga mutane, da Kingomvia ga yaren a cikin Gogo da Swahili. Kimanin mutane 600 na Kwʼadza a cikin gidaje 30 da aka bayar da rahoton a cikin 1908, a wannan lokacin yawancin su sun riga sun fara magana da Gogo.[2] An san masu magana biyu da suka kasance a shekara ta 1974 a garin Bankolo . [3] Ana kuma tunawa da dangin uku daga cikin Sandawe, Ágwatl'oo, Beetsatoo da Bisa, a baya sun kasance masu magana da Kwʼadza.[4]
Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kwʼadza ba a tabbatar da shi sosai ba, kuma ba a taɓa yin rikodin harshensa dalla-dalla ba. Ko ta yaya, alamar jinsi da lamba a kan sunaye, [5] da kuma abin da ya bayyana a matsayin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a kan sunayen da aka tabbatar da aikatau, ana iya haɗa su da sauran harsunan Rift.[3][6][6]
Sanannen ƙamus na Kwʼadza yana da babban kaya na tushen Rift / Kudancin Cushitic, da kuma kalmomin aro daga wasu harsuna daga yankin, da kuma sauran harsunan Rift. Lambobin da ba na Kushitic ba sun zama 'ɗaya' kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗin kai tare da Hadza, yayin da misali hak 'hudu' (wanda aka samo kuma a matsayin Asa hak da Mbugu háí) suna ba da haɗin kai tare na Sandawe da yarukan Khoe.[3] Ehret ya lura kamar yadda ya bambanta East Rift lexicon, wanda Kʼwadza da Asa suka raba kawai, kamar haka:[3]
| ma'ana | Kwʼadza | Asa | Kwʼadza | ma'ana | Asa | ma'ana |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'ya'yan itace' | sawako | Sheba | Deleʔ- | 'don yin sautin da ba shi da kyau tare da leɓuna' |
deʔ- Dagaʔ- |
'to belch'to riarrel' |
| 'baƙar fata' | -abesu | -Masi | faʔamo | 'Buffalo' | faʔanok | 'jihu' |
| 'Giraffe' | gweʔesiko | geʔesuk | noliko | 'Babab' | nikidok | 'babban nau'in ficus' |
| 'marasa kyau' | ts'etsʼem- | reše (< *detsʼe) |
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba a tabbatar da ilimin sauti ba, amma an ba da shawarar waɗannan: [3]
Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Labari | Alveolar | Bayan alveolar<br id="mwsQ"> | Palatal | Velar | Gishiri | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labial | ||||||||
| Hanci | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | kʷ | ʔ | |||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||||
| Rashin lafiya | dz | ||||||||
| Manufar | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | kʼʷ | ||||
| Fricative | f | s | ɬ | x | xʷ | h | |||
| Kusanci | w | l | j | ||||||
/ɡ/ da /l/ suna da allophones [dʒ] da [ī] a gaban wasula na gaba. /tʃʼ/ yana da 'mai sauƙi'. Ehret ya ba da rahoton cewa /kʼ/ da /kʼw/ ana furta su [ɡ, ɡw] idan an furta ma'anar da ta gabata.
Sautin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| A gaba | Komawa | |
|---|---|---|
| Kusa | i | u |
| Tsakanin Tsakiya | e | o |
| Bude | a | |
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Kwʼadza". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Claus, Oberartz der Kaiserlichen Schutztruppe (1910). "Die Wangómvia". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 42: 489–494.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Ehret 1980.
- ↑ (Patricia ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ (Patricia ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kruijsdijk 2024.