Harshen Litzlitz
| Harshen Litzlitz | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
lzl |
| Glottolog |
litz1237[1] |
Litzlitz, wanda aka fi sani da Naman, yare ne mai haɗari na Oceanic na tsakiyar Malakula, Vanuatu . Yawancin harsuna a cikin Malakula ana iya ambaton su da sunaye daban-daban, Litzlitz misali ne na wannan. An yi magana da Naman a tsakiyar Malakua a wani yanki da ake kira "Kog's Neck" ta mazauna yankin. Yankin da ake magana da yaren Naman kusan kilomita 13 ne. Wannan yaren ya taɓa samun masu magana da yawa, amma yanzu an rarraba shi azaman yaren mutuwa tare da masu magana da asali goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin kawai. Masu magana da Naman na asali waɗanda ke zaune a cikin ƙananan ƙauyuka na Metenesel a yankin Lambumbu na Malakula sun koma abin da yanzu ake kira ƙauyen Litzlitz. Sun ƙaura ne saboda cututtuka kamar mura da sauran annoba, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga raguwar yawan jama'a a cikin masu magana da Naman. Malakula tana da harsuna da yawa, duk da haka Uripiv ya zama harshen da ya fi dacewa a yankin Arewa maso gabashin Malakula.
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna saitin ƙamus a cikin harshen Litzlitz, bisa ga Harshen Harshen Harkokin Kasa da Kasa.
| Labari | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abubuwan da ke hanawa | t | c | k | |
| Abubuwan da aka hana su | b | d | j | g |
| Rashin jituwa | v | s | ɣ | |
| Hanci | m | n | ŋ | |
| Hanyar gefen | l | |||
| Rhotic | r | |||
| Gilashin | w | da kuma |
Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin nau'i-nau'i na irin wannan sautin na iya dogara ne akan nau'i masu zuwa:
- /t/ da /d/ /toro/ 'tsofaffi' /doro/ 'farar kurciya'
- /k/ da /g/ /nikəj/ 'nau'in fararen itace' /igər/ 'ya fadi daga sama' /kəlue/ 'za ka harbe shi' /gəlo/ ' (s) ya dubi'
- /t/ da /s/ /təɣ/ ' (s) ya karbe shi' /səɣ/ 's) ya gurbata shi'
- /c/ da /s/ /bəcbəc/ 'kashewa zuwa raguwa' /bəsbəs/ ' (s) ya yi magana'
Litzlitz yana da lissafin gajerun wasula guda shida da masu tsawo guda uku, kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa a cikin teburin. Sai kawai sautin da ke sama da ƙananan suna da siffofi masu tsawo, tare da sautin tsakiya guda uku suna da gajerun siffofi kawai.
| A gaba | Tsakanin | Komawa | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Babba | i i: | u u: | |
| Tsakanin | da kuma | ə | o |
| Ƙananan | a a: |
Fonotactics
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tushen kalmomi a cikin harshen Litzlitz ya fara galibi da ƙamus maimakon wasula. Akwai iyakantaccen adadin kalmomi da ke farawa da wasula /u/, /a/, /e/, ko /ə/. Kalmomin da suka fara da wasali /u/ sun haɗa da /user/ 'kamar', /usus/ 'daya', /utbu/ 'gudu', da /uvov/ 'farin' da aikatau guda ɗaya da ke farawa da /e/ wanda shine /esəɣ/ 'ba ya wanzu'. Sautin da ake amfani da shi a farkon tushen kalmomi shine /i/ . Za'a iya taƙaita yiwuwar jerin wasula a cikin tushen Litzlitz tare da waɗannan ƙididdigar:
- jerin ƙananan wasula /a/ wanda ya biyo bayan kowane wasula na tsakiya an haramta shi. watau */ae/, */ao/.
- jerin */eo/ da */oe/ an haramta su.
- jerin sautin kamar sautin an haramta su.
- jerin wasula mai tsawo tare da kowane wasula an haramta su.
- jerin kowane wasali da schwa ban da /iə/ an haramta su: */aə/, */uə/,*/oə/, / eə/.
Sunayen sunaye da jimloli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wakilan sunaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin harshen Litzlitz, ana rarrabe sunayen suna tsakanin nau'o'i uku waɗanda suka haɗa da mutum na farko, na biyu, da na uku. Kowannensu yana nuna bambancin lambobi uku tsakanin mutum ɗaya, biyu, da jam'i. A cikin mutum na farko wanda ba na musamman ba, akwai bambanci da aka yi tsakanin sunayen sunaye masu hadawa da na musamman. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna kalmomin kowane ɗayan sunayen.
| Mai banbanci | Biyu | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mutum na farko | Haɗuwa | Kafin | (i) getaru, (i) gëtaru |
| Na Musamman | kam (em) ru, kamemaru | ||
| Mutum na biyu | a (khu) g | (i) lu'u-lu'u (a) rum, (i) gëm (a) ru | |
| Mutum na uku | ai ~ ni | (r) Arua | |
Harafin da ke cikin ƙuƙwalwa sune alamun bambancin, duk da haka aikin ko ma'anar ba ta canzawa. Mutum na farko mai suna kine da mutum na uku mai suna air sune kawai sunayen biyu ba tare da bambance-bambance ba.
Kasuwanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abinda kawai ya canza yanayin da ke da alaƙa da sunaye a cikin harshen Litzlitz ya haɗa da furcin mallaka tare da takamaiman sashi na sunaye. Kamar yadda ake samun shi sau da yawa a wasu harsunan Oceanic, akwai bambanci a cikin Litzlitz tsakanin abin da za a iya kira kai tsaye da kuma sunayen da aka mallaka kai tsaye. Tare da sunayen da aka mallaka a kai tsaye, duka masu mallaka da masu mallaka ana bayyana su a matsayin siffofi kyauta. Tare da sunayen da aka mallaka kai tsaye, ana nuna mallaka ta hanyar tushen sunan da aka ɗaure wanda aka haɗa shi da ma'anar mallaka. Misali na wannan an nuna shi a kasa:
- jëbë-g 'kakanna'
- noag sog 'Canoe na'
Akwai nau'ikan suffix daban-daban ga duk nau'ikan mai mallakar wakilin, da kuma kowane nau'in mai mallakar mutum na uku. Babu wani nau'i na mallaka na daban don masu mallaka biyu da jam'i a cikin mutum na farko da na biyu, dukansu an kwatanta su a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa.
| Mai banbanci | Biyu | Yawancin mutane | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | -g | Haɗuwa | ||
| Na Musamman | ||||
| 2 | -m | |||
| 3 | -n | -raru | -r |
Ana iya ganin misalin waɗannan ƙididdigar a kan sunan jëbë- 'kakan':
- jëbë-g 'kakanna'
- jëbë-m 'kakanka'
- jëbë-n 'kakanta
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Litzlitz". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.