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Harshen Māori

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Harshen Māori
te reo Māori — te reo — Māori
'Yan asalin magana
 160,000
Māori writing system (en) Fassara
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-1 mi
ISO 639-2 mri mao
ISO 639-3 mri
Glottolog maor1246[1]

 

A rabi na biyu na karni na 19, yara na Turai a yankunan karkara suna magana da Māori tare da yara Māori. Ya zama ruwan dare ga fitattun iyaye na waɗannan yara, kamar jami'an gwamnati, su yi amfani da Māori a cikin al'umma.[2][3] Māori ya ƙi saboda karuwar yawan mutanen Turai da manufofin ilimi da gwamnati ta sanya; a farkon karni na 20 an dakatar da amfani da shi a wuraren wasa da ɗakunan karatu a duk faɗin ƙasar. Adadin masu magana ya fadi sosai bayan 1945, amma yunkurin Farfado da harshen Māori ya fara ne a ƙarshen karni na 20 kuma ya jinkirta raguwa. Yunkurin zanga-zangar Māori da Sake farfadowa na Māori na shekarun 1970 sun haifar da wayar da kan jama'a da goyon baya ga yaren.[4]

Ƙididdigar New Zealand ta 2018 ta ba da rahoton cewa kimanin mutane 190,000, ko 4% na yawan jama'a, na iya gudanar da tattaunawa ta yau da kullun a cikin Māori. Ya zuwa 2015, 55% na manya Māori sun ba da rahoton wasu ilimin harshe; daga cikin waɗannan, 64% suna amfani da Māori a gida kuma kusan mutane 50,000 na iya magana da harshen "da kyau".[5] Ya zuwa 2023, kusan kashi 7% na daliban makarantar firamare da sakandare na New Zealand ana koyar da su gaba ɗaya ko a wani ɓangare a cikin Māori, kuma wasu kashi 24% suna koyon Māori a matsayin ƙarin harshe.[6]

In Māori culture, the language is considered to be among the greatest of all taonga, or cultural treasures.[7] Māori is known for its metaphorical poetry and prose, often in the form of karakia, whaikōrero, whakapapa and karanga, and in performing arts such as mōteatea, waiata, and haka.[8]

Sunan

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Kalmar Ingilishi Maori aro ne daga harshen Māori, inda aka rubuta shi Māori. A New Zealand, ana kiran yaren Māori a matsayin te reo mi ("harshe"), takaice ga te reo Māori ("harshe Māori").

Harshen harshen ⟨Māori⟩ (tare da macron) ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Turanci na New Zealand a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, musamman a cikin al'adun al'adun Māori, [9] kodayake har yanzu ana ganin rubutun macron na gargajiya a wasu lokuta a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da amfani da gwamnati. [10]

Magana da aka fi so da madadin a cikin Turanci sun bambanta da ƙamus, tare da /ˈmaʊri/ kasancewa mafi yawa a yau, da /mɑːˈɒri/, /ˈmɔːri/, da /ˈmɑːri/ kuma an ba da shi, yayin da 'r' koyaushe muryar murya ce.

Matsayi na hukuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Alamar harsuna biyu a tashar jirgin kasa a Auckland, New Zealand

New Zealand tana da harsuna biyu na hukuma: Māori da Harshen Kurame na New Zealand, [11] yayin da New Zealand Turanci ke aiki a matsayin harshen hukuma na zahiri. [12] Te reo Māori ta sami matsayinta na hukuma tare da wucewar Dokar Harshe ta Māori ta 1987. [13]

Yawancin sassan gwamnati da hukumomi suna da sunayen harsuna biyu - alal misali, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ita ce Te Tari Taiwhenua - kuma wurare kamar ofisoshin kananan hukumomi da ɗakunan karatu na jama'a suna nuna alamun harsuna guda biyu kuma suna amfani da takardun harsashi biyu; wasu ayyukan gwamnati yanzu ma suna amfani da sigar Māori kawai a matsayin sunan hukuma. Ana iya gudanar da hulɗa na mutum tare da hukumomin gwamnati a cikin Māori, amma a aikace, wannan kusan koyaushe yana buƙatar masu fassara, ƙuntata amfani da shi na yau da kullun ga iyakantaccen yankunan ƙasa na Māori mai zurfi, da kuma lokutan da suka fi dacewa, kamar a lokacin tuntubar jama'a. Mai fassara yana nan a zaman Majalisar dokokin New Zealand don lokuta lokacin da memba yake so ya yi magana a cikin Māori.[9][14] Ana iya magana da Māori a cikin shari'a, amma duk wani bangare da ke son yin hakan dole ne ya sanar da kotun a gaba don tabbatar da cewa akwai mai fassara. Rashin sanar da gaba ba ya hana jam'iyyar yin magana a cikin Māori, amma dole ne a dakatar da kotun har sai an sami mai fassara kuma ana iya ɗaukar jam'iyyar da alhakin farashin jinkirin.[15]

Wani hukunci na 1994 da Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Privy (a lokacin babbar kotun New Zealand) ta dauki Gwamnati da alhakin a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Waitangi (1840) don adana harshen. Dangane da haka, tun watan Maris na shekara ta 2004, jihar ta ba da kuɗin gidan Talabijin na Māori, wanda aka watsa shi a wani bangare a cikin Māori. A ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, gidan talabijin na Māori ya kaddamar da tashar ta biyu, Te Reo, wanda aka watsa shi gaba ɗaya a cikin harshen Māori, ba tare da talla ko subtitles ba. Tashar talabijin ta Māori ta farko, Aotearoa Television Network (ATN) tana samuwa ga masu kallo a yankin Auckland daga 1996 amma ta kasance shekara guda kawai.

In 2008, Land Information New Zealand published the first list of official place names with macrons. Previous place name lists were derived from computer systems (usually mapping and geographic information systems) that could not handle macrons.[16]Samfuri:Failed verification[failed verification]

Matsayi na siyasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matsayin hukuma na Māori, kuma musamman amfani da shi a cikin sunayen hukuma da lakabi, batun siyasa ne a New Zealand. A cikin 2022 wata takarda mai karfi 70,000 daga Te Pāti Māori ta tafi majalisar dokoki tana kira da a sake sunan New Zealand a hukumance Aotearoa, kuma kwamitin zaɓaɓɓen Harkokin Māori ya karɓa don muhawara. A lokacin yakin neman nasarar New Zealand First don komawa majalisa a 2023, shugaban jam'iyyar Winston Peters ya yi wa shawarar ba'a a matsayin "mambo jumbo" kuma ya soki amfani da sunan a cikin rahotanni na gwamnati. Peters ya yi alkawarin cewa jam'iyyarsa za ta cire sunayen Māori daga sassan gwamnati, yana cewa "Te Whatu Ora, yafe ni, ba na so in yi magana da harshen Māori lokacin da na je asibiti. " A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tare da New Zealand First, gwamnatin da ke karkashin kasa ta amince da tabbatar da cewa duk sassan sabis na jama'a suna da sunansu na farko a Turanci sai dai wadanda ke da alaƙa da Māori.

Tarihi

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Asalin

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"Koyarwa ta Farko a cikin Harshen Maori", 1862, ta W. L. Williams, Bishop na uku na Waiapu
Bishop na Waiapu

A cewar labari, Māori sun zo New Zealand daga Hawaiki. Tunanin ilimin ɗan adam na yanzu ya sanya asalin su a gabashin Polynesia, galibi mai yiwuwa daga yankin Kudancin Cook ko Tsibirin Society (duba tarihin Māori § Asalin daga Polynesia), kuma ya ce sun isa ta hanyar tafiye-tafiye da gangan a cikin jirgin ruwa, mai yiwuwa sau biyu, kuma mai yiwuwa jirgin ruwa. Wadannan mazauna tabbas sun isa AD 1350 a ƙarshe.[17]

Māori ya samo asali ne daga wasu Harsunan Polynesia. Bambance-bambance guda shida sun fito ne tsakanin iwi saboda rabuwa ta ƙasa.[18] Harshen ba shi da wani nau'i na rubuce-rubuce, amma masanin tarihi Sarah J. K. Gallagher ya yi jayayya cewa tā moko, fasahar 'yan asalin tattoo, tabbas "al'adun rubutu ne na Turai a New Zealand... kamar yadda za'a iya karanta Moko, ana iya karɓa a matsayin hanyar sadarwa".[19] An tattauna ra'ayin cewa tā moko wani nau'in rubutu ne a baya.[20][21]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Māori". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ "History of the Māori language". nzhistory.govt.nz (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  3. ↑ "The Post". www.thepost.co.nz. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
  4. ↑ "Māori Language Issues – Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori – Māori Language Commission". 2002-01-02. Archived from the original on 2 January 2002. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  5. ↑ "Ngā puna kōrero: Where Māori speak te reo – infographic". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  6. ↑ "Māori language in schooling". Education Counts. New Zealand Ministry of Education. October 2023.
  7. ↑ "Te reo Māori (Māori language)". New Zealand Government (in Turanci). 2021-07-07. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  8. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Māori Language Act 1987 No 176 (as at 30 April 2016), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation". legislation.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2017. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Language Act" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ For example: "Maori and the Local Government Act". New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  11. ↑ "Our Languages – Ō Tātou Reo". Ministry for Ethnic Communities. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  12. ↑ "Languages in Aotearoa New Zealand" (PDF). royalsociety.org.nz. The Royal Society of New Zealand Te Apārangi. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  13. ↑ "Recognition of Māori Language". New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  14. ↑ Iorns Magallanes, Catherine J. (December 2003). "Dedicated Parliamentary Seats for Indigenous Peoples: Political Representation as an Element of Indigenous Self-Determination". Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law. 10. SSRN 2725610. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  15. ↑ "Te Ture mō Te Reo Māori 2016 No 17 (as at 01 March 2017), Public Act 7 Right to speak Māori in legal proceedings – New Zealand Legislation". legislation.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  16. ↑ "New Zealand Gazetteer of Official Geographic Names". Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
  17. ↑ Walters, Richard; Buckley, Hallie; Jacomb, Chris; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (7 October 2017). "Mass Migration and the Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand". Journal of World Prehistory. 30 (4): 351–376. doi:10.1007/s10963-017-9110-y.
  18. ↑ Reese, Elaine; Keegan, Peter; Mcnaughton, Stuart; Kingi, Te Kani; Carr, Polly Atatoa; Schmidt, Johanna; Mohal, Jatender; Grant, Cameron; Morton, Susan (March 2018). "Te Reo Māori: indigenous language acquisition in the context of New Zealand English". Journal of Child Language. 45 (2): 340–367. doi:10.1017/S0305000917000241. PMID 28679455.
  19. ↑ "'A Curious Document': Ta Moko as Evidence of Pre-European Textual Culture in New Zealand | NZETC". nzetc.victoria.ac.nz. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
  20. ↑ "Ta moko important expression of culture". The New Zealand Herald (in Turanci). 2024-03-15. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
  21. ↑ "Tā Moko Now, Tā Moko Forever". Critic – Te Ārohi. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
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