Harshen Majhi

Harshen Majhi
Dangin harshen	Indo-European (en) ; Indo-Iranian (en) ; Indo-Aryan (en) ; Bihari (en) ; Tharu; Harshen Majhi; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	mjz
Glottolog	majh1253

Majhi yare ne na Indo-Aryan da ake magana a wasu sassan kasar Nepal kuma a baya a wasu ƙananan aljihun makwabta Indiya.1^:1 Harshen yana da alaƙa da Mutanen Majhi, ƙabilar da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna waɗanda ke zaune a tarihi kusa da Kogin Saptakoshi da yankunan da ke kusa da shi da sauran wurare a tsakiya da gabashin Nepal. Mutanen Majhi galibi suna rayuwa ne daga aikin da ke da alaƙa da koguna, gami da kamun kifi da jirgin ruwa.^[2]^:2 An rubuta Majhi ta amfani da tsarin rubuce-rubucen Devanagari.

Ethnologue ya rarraba Mahji a matsayin harshen da ke fuskantar barazana na 6b. Akwai kusan masu magana da L1 24,400 na Majhi a Nepal da kuma kusan masu magana le L1 da L2 na yaren a duniya. Yawancin masu magana da Majhi a Nepal suna da harsuna biyu tare da mafi yawan yaren Nepali, ^:2 kuma harshe na ƙarshe yana maye gurbin Majhi a cikin amfani.^[3] Rashin matsayin hukuma na Majhi, amfani da shi a ilimi, a kafofin watsa labarai, a bugawa, da dai sauransu ya sanya rayuwar harshen a cikin mawuyacin hali.^[2] ^:2

Mai magana na karshe a Indiya, Thak Bahadur Majhi na Jorethang a jihar Sikkim, ya mutu a shekarar 2016.^[4]

Fasahar sauti

Sautin sautin

Majhi yana da jimlar wasula 13, biyar daga cikinsu sune diphthongs.^{:6, 8}

	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Babba	i		u
Tsakanin tsakiya	da kuma		o
Tsakanin tsakiya		ə əː
Ƙananan		a aː

N.B. Diphthongs a cikin Majhi sun haɗa da: eu, əu, au, əi, oi . ^:8 Wasula /ɜː, a_c/ ba sa faruwa a ko'ina sai dai a cikin matsayi na ƙarshe yayin da wasu wasula na iya bayyana a kowane matsayi a cikin kalma.^[2]^:7

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Majhi yana da jimlar ƙwayoyin 29.^:9

		Biyuwa	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Gishiri
Hanci		m		n			ŋ
Plosive / Africate Rashin lafiya	voiceless	p	t	ts	ʈ		k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	tsʰ	ʈʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	d	dz	ɖ		g
	breathy	bʱ	dʱ	dzʱ	ɖʱ		gʱ
Fricative				s				h
Ruwa	lateral			l
Ruwa	rhotic			r
Glide		w				j

Tsarin sautin

Majhi yana ba da damar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don farawa amma ba coda ba. Koyaya, masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa ƙarin bincike kan tsarin syllable ya zama dole don tabbatar da cikakken fahimtar tsarin syllabe.^:17 Lokacin da Majhi yana da ƙwayoyi biyu a farkon, ƙwayoyin na biyu zai zama mai sauka (/j, w/). ^[2]^:13 Wasu misalai na tsarin syllable an haɗa su a cikin ginshiƙi da ke ƙasa.

Tsarin	Misali	Fassara
CVC	nun	'tuni'
CCV	hje	'wannan'
CCVC	Shal	'Jarƙo'
CV	[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]ṭhi	'Yar'uwa' ^:17

Yanayin Yanayi

Ƙaddamarwa

Rarrabawar da aka samo asali

Majhi yana amfani da adadi don samun kalmomi ta hanyar nominalization, verbalization, da kuma musantawa. Ga masu ba da suna da maganganu, Majhi yana amfani da suffixation. Don musantawa, Majhi yana amfani da prefixation. An haɗa misalai a cikin ginshiƙi da ke ƙasa.

	Misali 1 ^:19	Misali 2 ^[2]^:58	Misali 3 ^[2]^:58	Misali 4 ^[2]^:70
Ayyuka	Nominalizer (daga aikatau)	Mai magana (daga suna)	Mai magana (daga adjective)	Negator (sunan zuwa suna)
Majhi

Majhi yana amfani da morphemes don canza kalmomi (musamman, don rage sunaye da kuma haɗa kalmomi). Ana watsi da sunaye don shari'a, lamba, da jinsi. Har ila yau, ana karkatar da sunaye don ƙididdigar mallaka, wanda ke nuna mai sunan (duba misali a ƙasa). ^:43 Kalmomin suna haɗuwa don mutum, lamba, lokaci, al'amari, da yanayi.^[2]^:89

	Misali 1 ^:21	Misali 2 ^[2]^:19	Misali 3 ^[2]^:48
Ayyuka	Rashin sautin	Rashin sautin (tare da ma'anar ma'anar)	Magana ta haɗu
Majhi

Sauran matakai na morphological

Haɗuwa

Majhi na iya samar da sababbin kalmomi ta hanyar hada tushen biyu. A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa, haɗakar kalmomin kakan da kakarta yana haifar da kakanni da yawa.^:22

Tushen Farko	Tushen Na Biyu	Sabon Magana
adze	Kashi	adzeadza
'Kakan'	'Kakar'	'Kakan'

Maimaitawa

Majhi wani lokacin gaba ɗaya yana sake maimaita cikakken suna, aikatau, adjective, ko nau'in adverb don ƙara ƙarin jaddadawa. Ga sunaye, Majhi kuma ya kara da ma'anar "-e" ga misali na farko na sunan. Misali, sunan "kapal" yana nufin 'kai,' kuma, lokacin da aka sake maimaita shi tare da ma'anar kamar "kapal-e kapal," jimlar da aka haɗa tana nufin 'duk kawuna.' ^:20 Kalmomin ba su da irin wannan ma'anar. Misali, aikatau "bəl-ni" yana nufin 'Na ce,' amma, lokacin da aka sake maimaita "bəl'ni bəl-ni," haɗin haɗin gwiwar zai nufin 'Na faɗi shi (wanda tabbas ba zan canza ba).' ^[2]^:89 Adjectives za a iya sake maimaita su don jaddadawa a cikin wannan hanya. Misali, adjective "lamo" yana nufin "tsawo," kuma, lokacin da aka sake shi a matsayin "lamo lmao," yana nufin tsawo sosai.^[2]5: Za'a iya sake maimaita Adverbs kamar yadda adjectives suke. Misali, adverb "tshiṭo" yana nufin 'da sauri', kuma, lokacin da aka sake maimaita shi a matsayin "tshiğo tshiṭo," yana nufin' da sauri sosai. ^[2]^:96

Yankin da ke cikin

Mahji yana da barbashi da yawa waɗanda ke yin ayyuka daban-daban, gami da nuna tambayoyi, jaddadawa, da jita-jita.^{:73, 97} Mahji kuma yana raba wasu barbashi tare da Nepali.^[2]^:97 An ba da misalai na wasu barbashi na Mahji a ƙasa.

Tambaya ta ƙwayoyinka

Yankin te ya zo a ƙarshen jumla ka yana nuna tambaya.^:97

Bambanci, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ta

Hukuncin bayyanawa ^:85

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Majhi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e25
↑ TNN (22 July 2016). "Last speaker of Majhi language dead | Vadodara News - Times of India". The Times of India (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-04-15.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Majhi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[:0-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0

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[4] TNN (22 July 2016). "Last speaker of Majhi language dead | Vadodara News - Times of India". The Times of India (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-04-15.

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