Harshen Mangareva

Harshen Mangareva
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) ; Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Harsunan Malay-Polynesian na Tsakiya da Gabas; Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Oceanic (en) ; Central–Eastern Oceanic (en) ; Central Pacific (en) ; Polynesian (en) ; Nuclear Polynesian (en) ; Eastern Polynesian (en) ; Marquesic (en) ; Harshen Mangareva; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	mrv
Glottolog	mang1401

Mangareva, Mangareva (autonym te reo magareva, mrv; a cikin Faransanci mangarévien) yare ne na Polynesia wanda kusan mutane 600 ke magana a Tsibirin Gambier na Faransanci Polynesia (musamman tsibirin mafi girma Mangareva) da kuma Mangarevians masu ƙaura a tsibirin Tahiti da Moorea, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 1,650 (1,030 zuwa Arewa maso Yammacin Tsibirin Gamber .

Rayuwa

A ƙidayar shekara ta 2017, kashi 24.8% ne kawai na yawan mutanen da ke da shekaru 15 da haihuwa a tsibirin Gambier har yanzu sun ba da rahoton cewa Mangarevan shine yaren da suka fi magana a gida (daga kashi 38.6% a ƙidayar 2007), yayin da kashi 62.6% suka ba da rahoton Faransanci a matsayin babban yaren da ake magana a gida. (daga kashi 52.3% a ƙidaya 2007), kashi 4.9% sun ba da rahoto Tahitian (daga kashi 6.4% a 2007), kuma kashi 4.6% sun ba da wasu yarukan Sinanci Hakka) (daga kashi 3.5% a 2007). ^[2]

goma tsakanin 2007 da 2017, bisa ga lambobin ƙididdigar hukuma, sun ga raguwar duniya a cikin yawan manya masu magana da Mangarevan (watau mutanen da suka kai shekaru 15 da haihuwa waɗanda suka ba da rahoton cewa Mangarevan shine harshen da suka fi magana a gida): ^[2]

300 a cikin 2007 → 270 a cikin 2017, a cikin Tsibirin Gambier
50 a cikin 2007 → 53 a cikin 2017, a tsibirin Tahiti da Moorea
424 a cikin 2007 → 332 a cikin 2017, a duk faɗin Polynesia ta Faransa gaba ɗaya.

Masu magana suna da wasu harsuna biyu a cikin Tahitian, wanda akwai kamanceceniya ta 60%, ^[3] kuma yawanci tare da Faransanci, ma. Yana cikin rukuni na Marquesic, kuma saboda haka yana da alaƙa da Hawaiian da Marquesan.

Dangane da Shirin Harsuna Masu Hadari, Mangarevan an dauke shi cikin haɗari tare da ƙasa da masu magana 900 daga cikin kabilun 1,491. ^[4] Mafi yawan jama'a a Tsibirin Gambier suna magana da Faransanci.^[4]

Tarihi

Mangarevan da farko yana da alaƙa da Cook Islands Māori, New Zealand Māori, Marquesan da Tahitian.^[3] Ana iya gano kamanceceniyar harshe da Maori na New Zealand zuwa zuwan wani mutumin New Zealand na 1834 wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga masu wa'azi na Faransa.^[3] Halayen al'adu da aka raba tsakanin Mangarevan da Māori, kamar labarin Maui, duk ana iya gano su zuwa zuwan New Zealand yayin da sadarwa ta kasance a bayyane saboda kamanceceniyar harshe.^[3]

Masu bincike na farko da suka rubuta mutane, al'adu, da yaren Gambiers sune Faransanci waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka haɗa tsibirin a cikin 1881. Kamar yawancin harsunan Polynesian, harshen da aka rubuta na Mangareva ya bambanta da harshen da ake magana saboda Turawa ne suka rubuta shi.^[3] An ruwaito cewa masu wa'azi na Faransa sun sami wah furta ko gane tsayar da Mangarevan; sun zaɓi wakiltar shi a rubuce ta amfani da harafin h.^[5] Tasirin mulkin mallaka da na mishan daga baya da kuma a yau sun kasance manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga raguwar harshe.^[3]

Mangarevan kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin tarihi na Tahitianisation, matsin da Harshen Tahitian ya yi.

Harshen

Sauti da sauti

	Labari	Alveolar	Velar	Gishiri
Hanci	m	n	Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi
Dakatar da	p	t	k	Sunan da za a iya amfani da su
Ci gaba	v	r

	A gaba	Komawa
Babba	i	u
Tsakanin	e	o
Ƙananan	a

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Mangareva". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
1 2 Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF). "Recensement 2017 – Données détaillées Langues". Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Manuireva, Ena (2014). "Mangarevan - A Shifting Language" (PDF). Analysis & Policy Observatory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
1 2 "Did you know Mangareva is endangered?". Endangered Languages (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-11-15. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
↑ Fischer, Steven R. (2001-06-01). "Mangarevan Doublets: Preliminary Evidence for Proto-Southeastern Polynesian". Oceanic Linguistics (in Turanci). 40 (1): 112–124. doi:10.1353/ol.2001.0005. ISSN 1527-9421. S2CID 145538813.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Mangareva". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[languages-2] 1 2 Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF). "Recensement 2017 – Données détaillées Langues". Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2019-04-07.

[:1-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Manuireva, Ena (2014). "Mangarevan - A Shifting Language" (PDF). Analysis & Policy Observatory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2018.

[:3-4] 1 2 "Did you know Mangareva is endangered?". Endangered Languages (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-11-15. Retrieved 2018-10-03.

[:2-5] Fischer, Steven R. (2001-06-01). "Mangarevan Doublets: Preliminary Evidence for Proto-Southeastern Polynesian". Oceanic Linguistics (in Turanci). 40 (1): 112–124. doi:10.1353/ol.2001.0005. ISSN 1527-9421. S2CID 145538813.

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