Harshen Maranao

Harshen Maranao
	Mëranaw
'Yan asalin magana	harshen asali: 780,000 (1990)
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) ; Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Philippine (en) ; Greater Central Philippine (en) ; Danao (en) ; Harshen Maranao; ; ; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	mrw
Glottolog	mara1404

Maranao ( Filipino ^[3] ; Jawi : باسا أ مراناو‎ ), wani lokacin ana rubuta shi da Maranaw, Meranaw ko Mëranaw, yaren Australiya ne da mutanen Maranao ke magana a cikin lardunan Lanao del Sur da Lanao del Norte da garuruwansu na Marawi da Iligan da ke cikin Philippines, kuma ana samun su a Sabah, Malaysia . Ana magana tsakanin Moros a cikin yankin Bangsamoro mai cin gashin kansa a cikin Mindanao na musulmi .

Ya fi kusa da Iranun fiye da Danao_language" Maguindanao a cikin ƙungiyar Danao.

Rarraba

Ana magana da Maranao a cikin larduna masu zuwa:

• Dukan Lanao del Sur da Lanao del NorteLanao na Arewa

• Gundumar Arewa maso yammacin Maguindanao del Norte: Barira, Buldon, Parang, Matanog, Sultan Mastura, da Sultan Kudarat

• Gundumar Arewa maso yammacin Cotabato: Alamada, Banisilan, Carmen, Libungan, da Pigcawayan

• Gundumar Arewa maso yammacin Bukidnon: Talakag da Kalilangan

• Ƙananan sassa a bakin tekun Zamboanga del Sur

dukansu suna cikin tsibirin Mindanao a kudancin Philippines.

Tsarin rubuce-rubuce

An rubuta Maranao a tarihi a cikin haruffa na Perso-Arabic da ake kira Jawi, waɗanda aka sani da Batang-a-Arab ko Batang Arab. Yanzu an rubuta shi da haruffa na Latin.^[4] Kodayake babu wani tsari na yau da kullun da aka ayyana a hukumance, Maranao an rubuta shi kamar yadda ya rinjayi tarurrukan Filipino na zamani. Wadannan sune haruffa da aka yi amfani da su wajen rubuta kalmomin asali:

A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y ^[5]

Gabaɗaya, ana furta sautuna biyu daban, alal misali, ana furtawa kapaar a matsayin /kapaʔaɾ/ .

Sautin /w/ na ƙarshe a cikin diphthongs da "w" an yi musu alama da "-o" a cikin tsofaffin rubutun, kamar yadda yake a wasu harsunan Philippine, amma dukansu biyu a yau ana rubuta su a matsayin "w". Har ila yau, an yi amfani da "i" a cikin tsofaffin rubutun don fassara /j/, wanda a halin yanzu ana rubuta shi a matsayin "Y".

"H" is only used for Malay loanwords,^[4] and "sh" (pronounced as /ʃ/) is normally used for Arabic loanwords and names such as Ishak (Isaac).

Ana amfani da "Di" ko "j" don fassara sauti /d͡ʒ/, kamar radia /raja (daga kalmar Sanskrit don 'sarki', "Rāja") ko sunan Ingilishi John.

A wakiltar tsakiyar wasali (ko schwa) /ə/, marubuta daban-daban sun yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don wakiltar wannan sauti (misali "E" ko "U"). A cikin kafofin sakn zumunta, masu magana suna amfani da ko dai daga cikin haruffa biyu ko kuma kawai su bar shi babu komai (misali seud kuma ana iya rubuta saken da sakun akan intanet). A halin yanzu, Hukumar kan Harshen Filipino ta ba da shawarar rubuta wannan sauti ta amfani da "Ë" don harsunan Philippine daban-daban a cikin 2013 Ortograpiyang Pambansa .

A cikin wani bita na Maranao Dictionary da McKaughan da Macaraya suka yi a cikin 1996, an gabatar da digraph "'ae" kuma an yi amfani da shi don wakiltar kasancewar wasula /ɨ/. Koyaya, bincike na Lobel (2009, 2013 ^[6]) ya nuna cewa wannan na iya zama allophone na /ə/ bayan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden. McKaughan da Macaraya sun kuma yi amfani da "q" don tsayawar baki ba tare da la'akari da matsayi ba. Diphthongs kamar [aw, aj, oi] an rubuta su a matsayin "ao, ai, oi".

Rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin binciken da Lobel (2009) shine wanda Aleem Abdulmajeed Ansano na Taraka (1943-2008), Sanata Ahmad Domocao "Domie" Alonto na Ramain (1914-2002), da Shaiekh Abdul Azis Guroalim Saromantang na Tugaya (1923-2003) suka haɓaka. A cikin wannan rubutun, an rubuta "masu amfani da wuya" /ph, th, kh, sh/ a matsayin "ph, th", kh, z".

Fasahar sauti

Da ke ƙasa akwai tsarin sauti na Maranao ciki har da siffofin sauti.

Sautin sautin

Maranao yana da sautin sautin guda huɗu waɗanda zasu iya zama kusa ko mafi girma lokacin da suke cikin wasu mahalli (duba ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙasa). ^[6] Sakamakon tasowa na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadada na iya haifar da binciken da ya gabata zuwa Kodayake binciken da ya yi a baya ya bincika sauti [ɨ] a matsayin sauti daban (an rubuta shi da ae) maimakon allophone da aka ɗaga na /ə/.

Sautin^[6]
	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Kusa	/i/ [i" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ɪ"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw1w" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ɪ ~ ni]
Tsakanin		/ə/ [ə ~ ɨ]	/o/ [ku="#mwt125" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"o"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw5w" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">o ~ u]
Bude		/a/ [a ~ ɤ]

Vowel [e] kawai yana faruwa a cikin kalmomin aro daga Mutanen Espanya ta hanyar Tagalog ko Cebuano da kuma daga Malay.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

A cewar Lobel (2013), Maranao yana da waɗannan ƙwayoyin:

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
		Biyuwa	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Gishiri
Hanci		m		n		ŋ
Dakatar da	Rashin murya	p	t			k	ʔ
	Mai nauyi	pʰ	tʰ			kʰ
	Magana	b		d		ɡ
Fricative	Rashin murya			s
Fricative	Mai nauyi			sʰ			(h)
Flap				ɾ
Hanyar gefen				l
Kusanci		w			j

A cikin Maranao, /ʔ/ ba kalma ce ta phonemic-da farko (kamar Ingilishi wanda ba na Philippines ba). Saboda haka, layok aken ('aboki na') ana furta shi a hankali [la.jo.ka. klen].

Tun lokacin da manyan ƙwayoyin suka samo asali ne daga ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin, ana samun su ne kawai a cikin kalma.

Ana amfani da "r" don /ɾ/, ana amfani da "y" don /j/, kuma ana amfani da ""ng" don /ŋ/

Rashin jituwa [h]

A cewar Lobel (2013), [h] kawai yana faruwa a cikin 'yan kalmomin aro na Malay na baya-bayan nan:

tohan 'Allah'
tahon 'alamu na taurari'
Tunanin 'a gaban Allah'

k aro na Larabci da suka gabata tare da "h" waɗanda suka shiga Proto-Danao ko Maranao a baya an gane su a matsayin k.

kalal 'halal (duk abin da aka yarda da shi a Islama) '
karam 'haram (duk abin da ba a yarda da shi a cikin Islama ba) ',
kadî 'hadji (sunan mutumin da ya yi aikin hajji zuwa Makka) '
Kadis 'Hadith'

Tsawon ma'anar

Ana kuma furta ma'anar ma'ana idan an riga su da schwa /ə/ . Koyaya, wannan tsari ba wani nau'i ne na gemination ba tunda tsawo na consonant a Maranao ba ya bambanta kamar yadda aka gani a wasu Harsunan Philippine kamar Ilokano da Ibanag. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sune:

tepad [təpːad] 'ka fita daga abin hawa'
tekaw [təkːaw] 'mai mamaki; mai ban mamaki'

Harshen harsashi da haɓaka wasula

Tun daga shekara ta 2009, an ba da shawarar cewa binciken da ya gabata game da ilimin sauti na Maranao ya yi watsi da kasancewar "mai nauyi", ^[6] ^[7] waɗannan "mai nauyi" guda huɗu sun kasance /p" t" k" s. Ana ɗaga sautin da ke biye da waɗannan ƙwayoyin a matsayi.

Ana ɗaga wasula huɗu na Maranao (a, ə, i, o) lokacin da suka bi ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ^[6]

Akwai yanayi huɗu masu yiwuwa don wannan ya ƙayyade ko za a ɗaga wasula ko a'a:

Non-raising – /p t k s m n ŋ r w y/
Obligatory raising – /p’ t’ k’ s’ (h)/
- Tohan is pronounced as [t̪o.hɤn] instead of [to.han]
Optional raising – /b d g/
- Evidenced by some younger speakers writing gagaan as gegaan.
Transparent – /l ʔ/ – the raising from the consonant before it will "pass through" and affect the following vowel.

Hakanan ana iya samun irin wannan sautin a cikin Madurese.

Ci gaban tarihi

Haɗakarwar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta faru ne a cikin Danao da Subanon da suka gabata, inda maganganun ƙididdigari na farko suka biyo bayan na biyu (Fitowa: *-gp- > *-bp-).

Wani binciken da Allison ya yi ya lura cewa Proto-Danao *b, *d, g * sun ɓace a cikin Maranao na zamani lokacin da aka samo su a gaban wasu ƙwayoyin da ke da wuri ɗaya na magana (Misali: *bp > *p), amma an kiyaye su a wasu wurare.

Lobel ^[6] ya lura cewa wannan canjin sauti a zahiri ya haifar da siffofi biyu na ilimin sauti na Maranao: ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadada (*[-bpa-] > [-phɤ-]). Har ila yau, ƙididdigar ƙira ta haɓaka ta irin wannan hanyar a Kudancin (Lapuyan) Subanon, amma ba tare da ɗaga wasula ba.

Canjin sauti
Babban Babban Babban Tsakiyar Philippine	Proto-Danao	Maguindanaon	Maranao
-gp-, -dp-, * -bp-	*-bp-	-bp-	-ph-
-gt-, -dt-, *-bt-	*-da-	-D.	-th-
-gs-, -ds-, *-bs-	*-da-	-ds-	-z-
-gk-, -dk-, *-bk-	*-gk-	-gk-	-kh-

Harshen harshe

Alamun shari'a

Ya bambanta da Tagalog wanda ke da alamomi uku (ang / ng / sa), da Iloko wanda ke da biyu (ti /iti), Maranao yana da hudu: (so / ko / sa).

Alamun shari'ar Maranao
	Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su		Na Mutum
Shari'a	Ba tare da iyaka ba	Tabbatacce	Mai banbanci	Yawancin mutane
Nominative (Maganar)	so	i	si	siki
Ergative (Abin kai tsaye)	sa	o	i	i kisi
Rubuce-rubuce / Wurin (Benefactor / Wurin) Halitta (Yana da sha'awa)	sa	ko	ki	sa kisi

Abin sha'awa, sa ba shi da iyaka a Maranao, yayin da yake da iyaka / takamaiman a Cebuano da Tagalog.

Wakilan sunaye

Wakilan Maranao na iya zama kyauta ko ɗaure zuwa kalma / morpheme a gabanta.

Ma'anar	Nominative (ba tare da kyauta ba)	Nominative (an ɗaure shi)	Genitive / Ergative (an ɗaure shi)	Rashin amincewa (ba tare da kyauta ba)
Na	saken	(a)ko	aken	raken
kai (mutum ɗaya)	seka	ka	(ng)ka^{[lower-alpha 1]}	reka
shi/ta/shi	sekaniyan	sekaniyan	(n)iyan	rekaniyan
mu (dual)	sekta	ta	ta	rekta
mu (ciki har da ku)	sektano	tano	tano	rektano
mu (ba tare da ku ba)	sekami	kami	(a)mi	rekami
kai (da yawa)	sekano	kano	(n)iyo	rekano
su	siran	siran	(i)ran	kiran

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Kalmomin da aka saba amfani da su

Da ke ƙasa akwai kalmomin da aka saba samu a cikin jimloli na Maranao, fassarorin su a Turanci, Cebuano, da Tagalog, da makamantansu kalmomi a cikin harsunan Philippine masu nisa.

Maranao	Cebuano	Tagalog	Sauran yaren yankin PH ko yaren	Turanci
na	kay	ay		shine
na	dayon	tápos	Alpa (Tausug)	sa'an nan
a	nga	na		wannan shine
timan	buok	piraso		yanki
den	na	na	Kinaray-a-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ren (Kinaray-a)	tuni
pen	pa	pa		zai yi, nan ba da daɗewa ba
di	dili	hindi		Ba zai yi ba, ba
da	wala	hindi		bai yi ba
da	wala	wala		ba tare da wani abu ba
aden	adunay	mayroon	Dawn (Tausug), adda (Ilocano)	akwai...
ino	mao		iyo (Bikol-Naga)	haka ne
ago	ug	at	Iban (Tausug)	da kuma
atawa	Ya kasance, yaoo="#mwt321" data-ve-ignore="true" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Cebuano-language_text" id="mwA7s" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>	o	Sa'an nan kuma (Tausug)	ko kuma
ogaid	An ɗauke shi, amma	Ya kamata, ya yi, amma	sa'/sagawa'/saga'/ malayngkan (Tausug)	duk da haka, amma
o di	Dili pud, Dili Sab	Hindi rin		ko kuma (?)
langun	tanan	lahat	Katān (Tausug)	duk
Imanto	shiga	Yanayin	Mazaun (Tausug)	yanzu
hanyar da za a iya	oo	oo/opo	Huun (Tausug)	eh ne
sabap	Ya yi watsi da shi	Sa'an nan kuma	sabab, kalna' ko karna' (Tausug)	saboda
siliki	Isada	Isada	ta' (Tausug)	kifi
sapi'	baka	baka	sapi' (Maguindanaon & Tausug)	saniya
pagari	igsuon	Girma	langgung, taymanghud (Tausug)	ɗan'uwa
Baago	bag-o	Baago	bagu (Tausug), baro (Ilocano)	sabon abu
tahon	Birni	Uwargidan	Wahu (Tausug)	shekara
koda'	Kabayo	Kabayo	kura' (Tausug)	doki
sorab	suwab	tamil	sulab (Tausug)	takobi
Don'ya'	A cikinta	Duniya	Duniya' (Tausug)	duniya
dalendeg	dalugdog	kulog	dawgdug (Tausug)	tsawa
sorga'	sama	sama	sulga' (Tausug)	sama
narka', diyahanam	maras kyau	maras kyau	nalka'/narka', jahanam (Tausug)	jahannama
An kashe shi	Sannu, tsada	Matsayi	ciwon daji (Tausug)	kyakkyawa, kyakkyawa
otin	otin	titi, kayan aiki	Utin (Tausug)	Jinin namiji, azzakari
Mutanen da ke cikin gida	langgam	ibon	Manuk-manuk (Tausug)	tsuntsaye
diyandi'	kasabotan, saad	Sojojin da suka yi	Yarinya' (Tausug)	yarjejeniya, alkawari

Rubutun samfurin

Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya

Maranao:

Langon a taw na inimbawata a ndudon so kapaar ago ndatadatar sa bantogan ago kabnar. Bigan siran sa kabnar ago gagaw na aya patot a di kapakasusurota o omani isa ko kapakiphapagariya.

Cebuano:

Ang tanáng tawo kay gipakatawo nga may kagawasan ug managsama sa kaligdong. Silá gigasahan og pangisip ug tanlag ug mag-ilhanáy sa usá'g usá sa diwà managsoon.

Bayanan Kula

↑ May actually be eka,^[6] and assimilates with the vowel before it, as in batî ika {{{1}}} 'your brother-in-law', and babô oka {{{1}}} 'your aunt'.

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Maranao". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (2013). Ortograpiyang Pambansa [National Orthography] (PDF) (in Dan Filifin). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
↑ Mëranaw is the spelling recommended by the Commission on the Filipino Language^[2]
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 "Maranao Language and Alphabet". Omniglot. Retrieved 2018-09-23.
↑ Rubino, Carl. "Maranao". iloko.tripod.com (in Turanci).
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 Lobel, Jason William; Riwarung, Labi Hadji Sarip (2009). "Maranao Revisited: An Overlooked Consonant Contrast and its Implications for Lexicography and Grammar". Oceanic Linguistics. 48 (2): 403–438. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0040. JSTOR 40783537. S2CID 145549504. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Lobel and Riwarung 2009b" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Lobel, Jason William; Riwarung, Labi Hadji Sarip (2011). "Maranao: A Preliminary Phonological Sketch With Supporting Audio". Language Documentation & Conservation (in Turanci). 5: 31–59. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)

[8] May actually be eka,^[6] and assimilates with the vowel before it, as in batî ika {{{1}}} 'your brother-in-law', and babô oka {{{1}}} 'your aunt'.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Maranao". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (2013). Ortograpiyang Pambansa [National Orthography] (PDF) (in Dan Filifin). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-08-28.

[3] Mëranaw is the spelling recommended by the Commission on the Filipino Language^[2]

[Omniglot-4] 4.0 ^4.1 "Maranao Language and Alphabet". Omniglot. Retrieved 2018-09-23.

[5] Rubino, Carl. "Maranao". iloko.tripod.com (in Turanci).

[Lobel_and_Riwarung_2009b-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 Lobel, Jason William; Riwarung, Labi Hadji Sarip (2009). "Maranao Revisited: An Overlooked Consonant Contrast and its Implications for Lexicography and Grammar". Oceanic Linguistics. 48 (2): 403–438. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0040. JSTOR 40783537. S2CID 145549504. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Lobel and Riwarung 2009b" defined multiple times with different content

[7] Lobel, Jason William; Riwarung, Labi Hadji Sarip (2011). "Maranao: A Preliminary Phonological Sketch With Supporting Audio". Language Documentation & Conservation (in Turanci). 5: 31–59. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)

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