Harshen Marind
| Harshen Marind | |
|---|---|
'Yan asalin magana | 7,000 (1987) |
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
mrz |
| Glottolog |
nucl1622[1] |
Marind yare ne na Papuan da ake magana a Gundumar kaman Malind, da Merauke Regency, Indonesia da mutane sama da dubu goma. Harsuna sune kudu maso gabashin Marind, Gawir, Holifoersch, da Tugeri. Bian Marind (Northwest Marind), wanda aka fi sani da Boven-Mbian, ya bambanta sosai don kada ya zama mai fahimta, kuma an ba shi lambar ISO daban.
Marind ya raba Harsunan Trans-Fly-Bulaka River, wanda in ba haka ba zai mamaye kusan ci gaba na kudancin New Guinea.
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Labari | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Gishiri | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hanci | m | n | ||||
| Plosive | ba tare da murya ba | p | t | k | ||
| murya | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Domenal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | |||
| Fricative | s | ɣ | h | |||
| Kusanci | murya | w | l | j | ||
| da aka yi amfani da shi | ʰw | ʰj | ||||
- Ana kuma jin glides /hw, hj/ da aka riga aka yi amfani da su a matsayin glides marasa murya.
Sautin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Har ila yau, akwai sautin wasali na gefe /ɐ/ .
Harshen harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunayen Marind na bakin teku suna da sauƙi sosai, ba su da alamun shari'ar'a ko lambar. Akwai nau'o'i huɗu, aji na I don maza, aji na II don mata da dabbobi, da kuma aji na III da IV don marasa rai.[2] Akwai yaduwar syncretism a cikin masu gabatar da alamar aji tsakanin aji na IV da kuma jam'i na aji na I da II, wanda zai iya haifar da nazarin jinsi na IV a matsayin aji na pluralia tantum.[2] Kalmomin da ke bayyana kaddarorin, masu kama da adjectives, suna canza sunaye a cikin wani tsari maimakon samar da adjectival phrase.[2] Hakanan ana iya amfani da sinadarai don canza sunaye tare da wasu sunaye, ko ƙididdigar aikatau.[2] Matsakaicin sunayen mutum na farko da alamun indexing ba su bambanta mutum ɗaya daga jam'i ba; a kan kalmomi, ana amfani da alamar mutum na farko mai tsaka-tsaki ban da daidaitattun morphemes na indexing idan mutum na farko jam'i gardama ne, komai rawar da yake takawa ko kuma ilimin lissafi. [2][2] Inda ba za a iya amfani da wannan alamar ba don warwarewa, alamar haɗin gwiwar jam'i na iya bin wakilin mutum na farko don tilasta fassarar jam'i.[2] Coastal Marind yana amfani da masu nunawa a matsayin wakilan mutum na uku.[2]
Coastal Marind yana da nau'ikan kalma masu rikitarwa, tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma muhawara da aka tsara a cikin wani nau'i mai rikitarwa wanda ke gaba da ma'anar kalma.[2] Matsakaicin prefixal da maɓallin aikatau suna da damuwa ɗaya kawai, a kan sashi na ƙarshe na hadaddun prefixal, kodayake kalmomi ne daban-daban, kamar yadda canje-canjen sauti waɗanda ke faruwa kalma a ciki ba sa faruwa a kan iyakar su. [2][2] Wannan rikitarwa tare da alamomi a kan maɓallin aikatau kanta kuma suna nuna nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban, illocution, valence change devices, pluractionality, da wasu nau'ikan Adverb, kamar maimaitawa ko dawowa zuwa jihar da ta gabata, mai kama da Turanci "sake", da kuma alama don nuna cewa aikatau na matsayi ko motsi yana faruwa a saman wani farfajiya ban da ƙasa.[2][2][2][2][2][2] Yawancin maganganun aikatau suna fuskantar sauye-sauye da ke nuna mutum, lambar, da kuma sunan aji na mai shiga gardamar, wanda za'a iya fahimta a matsayin prefix, suffix, ko infix, ko a wasu lokuta, siffofi marasa daidaituwa ko mai sauyawa.[2] Har ila yau, hadaddun prefixal yana nuna alamar don rawar da aka sanya a cikin wuri mai mahimmanci, tsarin da ke aiki kamar yadda aka tsara na Austronesian.[2] Wannan tsarin mayar da hankali yana aiki bisa ga Nominative / Accusative Alignment, tare da hujja ɗaya na kalma mai sauƙi da aka bi da ita kamar hujja mai mahimmanci na kalma mai wucewa, yayin da sauran alamun rawar da ke cikin ƙididdigar prefixal da ƙididdigal kalma suna aiki a kan tushen ma'ana, tare da aikatau kamar "fawa" suna nuna hujjojin su kawai a matsayin mai shiga, kuma suna ɗaukar mai ba da izini na uku mai mahimmanci.[2][2] Kalmomin suna ƙin ta hanyar alamar "mbya", wanda a cikin jimloli suna da aikin yin alama, "duk". Wataƙila an yi amfani da wannan alamar tare da alamar mara kyau a cikin ƙididdigar prefixal don ƙarfafa ma'anar mara kyau, kamar yadda a cikin Turanci "ba kalma ba", amma a tsawon lokaci ya maye gurbin alamar mara kyau ta asali, misali na sake zagayowar Jespersen. Sauran harsuna masu alaƙa suna nuna alamar prefixal mara kyau, wanda a cikin Coastal Marind kawai ya kasance a matsayin wani bangare na alamar haramtacciya (matsananciyar mahimmanci).[2]
Hakanan ana iya motsa maɓallin kalma daga matsayinsu bayan ƙididdigar prefixal, kuma a maye gurbinsa da taimako ɗan adam, don a gyara su da abubuwa waɗanda ba za su iya canza ma'anar aikatau a cikin aikin adverbial ba, kamar kalmar mallaka ma'anar "mummunan", wanda za'a iya haɗa shi da ma'anar ma'anar kalma a cikin wannan ginin don nufin "magana mara kyau / kuskure".[2] Musamman, ana amfani da wannan don bayyana "kawai" a kan aikatau, kamar yadda a cikin "Mun dafa abinci kawai (amma ba mu ci shi ba.) ", kamar yadda furcin "kawai' a kan muhawara yana buƙatar gardamar ta zama wuri na maida hankali kafin magana, da kuma alamar "kawai " da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin hadaddun prefixal. Tare da mataimakin, ana sanya maɓallin aikatau a cikin wannan matsayi.[2]
Tsarin kalma na sashi ya fi ƙuntata ta ƙuntataccen ƙuntata fiye da waɗanda ke cikin haɗin kai, musamman ana amfani da matsayin pre-verbal nan da nan don nuna mayar da hankali, kodayake akwai fifiko ga umarnin kalma na ƙarshe.[2] Harshen yana da fa'ida, tare da jayayya da ake cirewa daga sassan idan za'a iya ɗauka daga mahallin.[2]
Dangantaka tsakanin sassan sau da yawa ba a bayyana su ba, tare da sassan da ke ƙasa da ke bayyana a gefen manyan sassan maimakon a saka su a ciki, suna kama da " sassan Dangi da aka haɗa" da aka bayyana a wasu Harsunan Australiya kamar Warlpiri, kuma ana iya fassara su cikin Turanci a matsayin dangi, kari, ko sassan adverbial dangane da mahallin.[2] Ana ba da ginin magana kai tsaye don rufe ayyuka fiye da kawai ambaton, kuma ana amfani da shi don bayyana sha'awa, tunani, da manufa.[2]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Marind". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 Olsson 2021.