Harshen Mav̋ea
| Harshen Mav̋ea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
mkv |
| Glottolog |
mafe1237[1] |
'Mawa'a' (wanda aka fassara Mav̋ea, Mafea ko Mavia) yare ne na yankin Oceanic da ake magana da shie a Tsibirin Mavea a Vanuatu, a gabashin gabar Espiritu Santo . Yana cikin haɗin Arewa-Tsakiyar Vanuatu na Kudancin Oceanic. Adadin mutanen tsibirin kusan 172, tare da masu magana da harshen Mavea 34 kawai da aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2008. [2]
Akwai harsuna 94 a cikin haɗin Arewacin Vanuatu, gami da Mavea . Dangi mafi kusa da Mavea, yana raba fiye da kashi 70% na cognates, shine Tutuba. Bayan Tutuba, Aore, South Malok, Araki, da Tangoa sune dangi mafi kusa na gaba.[3]
Haɗarin Harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mavea yare ne mai mutuwa kuma akwai dalilai da yawa game da dalilin da ya sa wannan yake.
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da za su kasance isowa da kiristanci ta hanyar masu wa'azi na Adventist na bakwai da Ikilisiyar Kristi a cikin 1839. Kashi 16% ne kawai na yawan jama'a zasu iya magana da Mavea. Wadannan masu magana da Mavea na asali na Generation 1, 2, da 3 [an kara bayani da ake buƙata] wanda ya kasance daga shekarun 20-80 shekaru. Wadanda aka haifa bayan 1980 ("Zamani na 4") ba su da ƙwarewa. Yawancin lokaci, ba a koya wa wannan ƙarni harshe ba, saboda harshe ba ya aiki kuma ba a amfani da shi a kowane sabon yanki.[3]
Ba a amfani da Mavea sosai a waje da gida; musamman, ba a amfani da shi a makaranta, wanda ke rage bayyanar matasa masu magana da harshe. Yawancin masu magana ba sa jin damuwa da yiwuwar asarar yaren Mavea.[3]
Ana amfani da Bislama, harshen ƙasa na Vanuatu, akai-akai. Wannan creole shine yare na farko ga mutane da yawa a Vanuatu da ke zaune a cikin birni. Ana amfani da shi don kasuwanci, sacraments na addini, siyasa, kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin hanyar da za a ci gaba a cikin al'umma.[3]
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mavea tana da ƙwayoyi 15 da wasula 8. Ƙarin wasula sune abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan; ba a nuna su a cikin rubutun ba.[3]
| Labari | Harshe | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hanci | Ya kam a yi amfani da shi⟨m⟩ | Sunan nan⟨m̋⟩ | Ya kasan a cikin⟨n⟩ | Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi⟨n⟩ | ||
| Dakatar da | Sunan haka⟨p⟩ | Sunan haka⟨p̋⟩ | Ya kamat a yi amfani da shi⟨t⟩ | Yanayin da ya faru⟨d⟩ | Sashen⟨k⟩ | |
| Fricative | Sanya⟨v⟩ | An yi amfani da shi a matsayin⟨v̋⟩ | s da aka yi⟨s⟩ | |||
| Trill | r-rubuce⟨r⟩ | |||||
| Kusanci | Sanya⟨l⟩ | w w w watau⟨w⟩ | ||||
| i | da kuma | a | o | u | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Babba | + | + | |||
| Komawa | + | + | + | ||
| Ƙananan | + | ||||
| Gidan da aka yi | + | + |
Rubutun kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana wakiltar ƙwayoyin Harshe ta amfani da ƙwayoyin halayen halayen haɗi tare da ƙira biyu a saman: p̋; v̋; M̋.[3] (Wannan ɗan bambanci ne idan aka kwatanta da yarjejeniyar, wanda wasu yarukan Vanuatu suka raba, na sake rubuta harsuna ta amfani da dots biyu, bi da bi a matsayin p̈; v̈; M̈.)
Ana nuna d-linkid="206" href="./Retroflex_consonant" id="mw7w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex [ɖ] a cikin rubutun a matsayin d.
Harshen harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wakilan sunaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai sunayen sarauta da aka ɗaure. Sunaye masu kyauta sun zama ruwan dare a cikin harsunan Pacific da yawa. Wadannan sunayen suna ba su canza ga jinsi ba, amma suna nuna bambance-bambance na lambobi, gami da mutum ɗaya, jam'i, biyu, ko paucal.[3]
Misali:
- /mo/ = shi/ta/shi (mutum na uku)
- Yana cin taro. = /mo-an pete/
Sunaye masu kyau
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunayen da suka dace sun haɗa da sunayen mutum, ƙamus, kalmomin dangantaka, da vocatives. Ba sa ci gaba da labarin kuma ba za a iya amfani da su tare da mai tantancewa ba. Don nuna bambancin jinsi, maza suna amfani da prefix /mol-/. Ga mata, an kara prefix /vo-/ ko /va-/ .[3]
Sunayen da aka saba amfani da su
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar sunayen da suka dace, akwai sunayen da aka ɗaure da kuma 'yanci. Dukansu za a iya amfani da su a cikin gardama, a ƙayyade su tare da alama, a canza su tare da mai ƙayyadewa, su zama shugaban sashi na dangi, kuma a tambayi su da "wanda" ko "me". Ana rarraba sunayen da aka haɗa zuwa sunayen dangi, sassan jiki, ayyukan jiki, da kuma dangantakar ɓangaren duka. Har ila yau, yana nuna masu mallaka.[3]
Kalmomin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana sanya alamun maganganun magana tare da prefix na yarjejeniyar batun. Akwai kalmomi marasa ma'ana, kalmomi masu ma'ana، ambitransitive, ditransitive, da kuma taimako.
Ana amfani da kalmomin da ba su da ma'ana lokacin da batun ba shi da wani abu kai tsaye da ke karɓar aikin.[3]
Adverbs
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai nau'ikan adverbs guda biyu: adverbs na phrasal da adverbs na sentential. Adverbs na Sententail suna ɗaukar dukan jumlar kuma suna bayyana bayan ko kafin ainihin gardamar aikatau. Misali: don nuna mitar, /te pong/ ma'anar "wani lokacin" ana amfani dashi azaman adverb.
Ana amfani da maganganun sararin samaniya don nuna wurin mai magana da kuma hanyar da mai magana ke magana da ita. Misali: konaro na nufin "a nan, a wurin mai magana. " Wannan ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin harsunan Pacific. [3]
Maimaitawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mavea tana nuna raguwa a cikin harshe. Ana amfani da sake maimaitawa don nuna girmamawa. Misali: sua na nufin "tsalle" Suwa suosua na nufin "ta sosai". Wani lokaci lokacin da ake amfani da reduplication, wasula na iya canzawa. Yawancin lokaci "a" yana canzawa zuwa "o" ko "e".[3]
Adjectives
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya amfani da Adjectives ne kawai a matsayin masu canza sunan. Akwai duka adjectives a matsayin abubuwa masu zaman kansu na lexical da kuma adjectives da aka cire daga kalmomi masu wucewa ta amfani da reduplication. Misali: pulua shine "zane" kuma "ima pulpulu" yana nufin "gidan da aka fentin".[3]
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai gabatarwa bakwai a cikin Mavea.
| zuwa / daga | darajar |
|---|---|
| madaidaiciya | domdomi |
| don | lape |
| zuwa / don | suri |
| kewaye da shi | dal |
| tare da | Tuwan |
| a ciki / a ciki | na |
Bayyanawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wakilan sunaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai sunayen nunawa Ruwa huɗu a cikin Mavea: aro, nel (e), maro, da namiji.[3] Aro da nel (e) na iya aiki a matsayin masu tantancewa, Ruwa aro musamman ba ya bayyana a matsayin wakilin, kamar yadda yake a ciki:[3] Maro ('wannan') ana amfani dashi don komawa ga wani abu da ke kusa da mai magana, kuma yana da nau'in jam'i Maror, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar sanyawa ma'anar jam'i -re:[3][3] Maza ('wannan') a gefe guda ana amfani da shi yayin magana game da wani abu da ke nesa da mai magana, duka a zahiri, kamar yadda a cikin[3] Kuma a kwatanci, don nisanta mai magana daga mai magana, kamar yadda a cikin[3] Malere shine nau'in jam'i na namiji, kuma kamar Maror an kafa shi ta hanyar sanya jam'i -re: [3][3] Maro da namiji Ruwa an kafa su ne ta hanyar hada Ma- da kuma Adverb na locative; aro ga na farko, da ale ga na ƙarshe.[3]
Masu tantancewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Baya ga sunayen wakilci, Mavea kuma tana da masu tantancewa guda uku: nele, (a) ro, da kuma ko (o), kodayake daga cikin waɗannan kawai ko (o) ba a tabbatar da shi a matsayin wakilin ba ban da rawar da yake takawa a matsayin mai tantancewa. [3][3]
| Mai banbanci | Yawancin mutane | |
|---|---|---|
| wannan | a ciki | Da kuma da kuma |
| wannan a nan | (a) ro | Ruwa |
| wannan a nan yanzu | ko kuma (o) | arewa |
Tsarin nunawa na hanyoyi uku na yau da kullun ga Harsunan Oceanic ba ya cikin masu tantancewa na Mavean, wanda ke faruwa a maimakon haka a cikin maganganun yankin na harshe.[4][3][3] Masu nunawa na Mavea suna ƙunshe da kusanci na sararin samaniya da na lokaci ga ko dai mai magana, kamar yadda a cikin[3] ko ga jawabin, kamar yadda yake a An kafa nau'ikan jam'i da yawa (e), ror, da noror ta hanyar sanya abin da zai iya zama raguwar kalmar jam'i re.[3]
Nele, tare da nau'ikan jam'i na (e), an kafa shi ne a wani bangare ta takamaiman labarin le.[3]
Nor (o), da jam'i nau'in noror, a zahiri an kafa Shi ne a wani bangare ta hanyar yankewa na uku mai nunawa, (a) ro, yayin da nele ba haka ba ne.[3] Abin sha'awa, masu tantancewa Ruwa biyu waɗanda ke ƙunshe da aro, wato ko (o) da (a) ro kanta, su ne kuma masu tantancewar biyu waɗanda ke aiki sau biyu a matsayin wakilin nunawa, ban da amfani da su azaman adverbs na wuri, aikin da ba a taɓa sanya shi ga nel (e) (re).[3][3]
Bugu da ƙari, ɗaya daga cikin sauran sunayen nunawa, Maro, yana da aro a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu jefa kuri'a.[3]
Masu ƙayyadewa na nunawa na iya komawa ga wuri a cikin lokaci da sarari, amma wurin sararin samaniya sau da Ruwa yana da alaƙa da magana, maimakon mai magana, kamar yadda a cikin misali mai zuwa, inda ake amfani da aro don komawa Anaphorically ga jam'iyya (aNana) wanda aka ambata a baya a cikin rubutun:[3] Wannan amfani wani lokaci ana kiransa "amfani da bin diddigin".[3] Ror, ko (o) (r) , da Neler duk suna da amfani da anaphoric, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin misalai masu zuwa, inda kalmar da ke nufin da ta faru kafin nunawa an ambaci kowannensu a baya: [3]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Mav̋ea". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Guérin 2008.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 Guérin 2011.
- ↑ Gunter 2004.