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Harshen Medumba

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Harshen Medumba
Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 byv
Glottolog medu1238[1]

Medumba (Mə̀dʉ̂mbɑ̀, byvbyvMagana ta Medumba: yaren Bamileke ne na kasar Kamaru . byvMutanen da ke magana da shi sun samo asali ne daga yankin Nde na Yammacin ƙasar, tare da manyan ƙauyukansu a Bangangté, Bakong, Bangoulap, Bahouoc, Bagnoun da Tonga. Babban yaren Bamileke ne, kuma yana cikin wani yanki inda sarauta mai tsarki ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gwamnati, adalci, da diflomasiyya.[2][3] Tarihin zamani na yankin Bamileke, wanda ya kasance mulkin mallaka na Jamus wanda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin kulawar Faransa ta League of Nations a 1919, yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'yan kasa ta Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), wanda ya ci gaba da farko a cikin yankin bakin teku (Bassa) da tsaunuka na yamma (Bamileke). Daga 1956 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960, wannan yanki na Kamaru ya sami lokacin tashin hankali; wannan labarin ya ci gaba da tsara al'adun siyasa na Bamileke, kuma yana da tasiri ga asalin harshe da Yanayin harshe.[4][5]

Yankin da ake magana da shi na Medumba sananne ne ga bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara - FESTAC: Festival des arts et de la culture Medumba (Medumba Arts and Crafts Festival) - wanda ke inganta harshen Medumba, da rawa, zane-zane da salon abinci na ƙauyuka 14 daban-daban na yankin. An shirya bikin, wanda ke faruwa a cikin makonni 2 a farkon watan Yuli, a Bangangte.

Harsunan harshe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gudanarwa a kan tarin Bamileke

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Medumba na daga cikin Kungiyar Gabas ta Bamileke Cluster, wanda ya hada da Fe'fe', Ghomálá', Kwa', da Nda'nda'. Ƙungiyar Bamileke - tare da Ngemba, Nkambe da Nun - suna daga cikin ƙungiyar Grassfields ta Gabas wanda, tare da harsunan Ring da harsuna na Kudu maso Yammacin Grassfield, sun zama ƙungiyar harshe na Grassfield.

Medumba ya fito fili a cikin binciken harshe a kan rukunin Bamileke, wani bangare saboda ingancin aikin da Jan Voorhoeve ya yi a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, gami da aiki a kan (a cikin tsari na lokaci):

  • ƙuntatawa na tsarin morpheme (Voorhoeve 1965 [6])
  • sunayen mutum (Voorhoeve 1967 ) [7]
  • darussan suna (Voorhoeve 1967 da 1969 ) [8][9]
  • sautin sunaye (Voorhoeve 1971 ) [10]
  • Labaran gargajiya na Bamileke (Voorhoeve 1976 )
  • Bayanan harshe na gaba ɗaya na yaren Bangangte (Voorhoeve 1977 )

L. Hyman ya bi wannan aikin a cikin shekarun 1980, a kan harshen da ke da alaƙa da shi Fe'fe' (ƙara refs). An sake ƙarfafa shi a farkon shekarun 2010 ta ƙungiyoyin bincike a Jami'ar Boston (wanda C. O'Connor ya jagoranta) da kuma Jami'ar British Columbia (wanda R.-M. Déchaine ya jagorantar). Wasu daga cikin wadannan wallafe-wallafen sun hada da:

  • [Ƙara da ra'ayoyi]

Har ila yau sananne ne gudummawar masana na masu magana da harsuna na Medumba, gami da (a cikin tsari na lokaci):

  • Keupdjio 2011, MA thesis (Jami'ar Yaounde) kan tambayoyin abun ciki
  • Kouankem 2011, takardar PhD (Jami'ar Yaounde) a kan haɗin kai
  • Kouankem 2013 a kan yarjejeniya [11]

Ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan a kan Medumba wani bangare ne na turawa gaba ɗaya don yin rubuce-rubuce game da harsunan Afirka, a fuskar karuwar matakan haɗarin harshe. Kamaru - tare da Najeriya, Sudan, da Habasha - an ruwaito cewa suna da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman yawan mutuwar harshe a Afirka.

Karatun karatu da rubutu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kokarin haɓaka rubutun Medumba ya samo asali ne daga farkon karni na 20, kuma suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka biyo baya:

  • 1926: Masu wa'azi na Furotesta sun haɓaka rubutun don amfani a makarantun firamare don sauƙaƙe shigar da Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kirista a yankin.
  • 1957: Gwamnatin Faransa ta haramta amfani da harsunan gida a yankunan Union Française.
  • 1973, 20 Disamba: An kirkiro CEPOM (Comité de Langue pour l'Etude et la Production des Œuvres Bamiléké-Medumba); aikinta shine inganta bincike kan Medumba da haɓaka kayan karatu da rubutu.

A halin yanzu, kayan ilimi, wallafe-wallafen da ƙamus na harshe suna samar da CEPOM, wanda ke zaune a Bangangte. Haɗin aikin mishan da CEPOM sun samar da littattafai sama da 80 akan harshen Medumba da al'adu; ana buga waɗannan a Faransanci, Turanci, da Medumba. A tsawon lokaci, wallafe-wallafen a Medumba sun yi amfani da nau'o'i daban-daban guda shida: [12]

  • 1926: published in a collection of 12 songs
  • 1945: published in a book on religious history (Nu Yawe Nsi) and a syllabary
  • 1967: publication of the New Testament (Kàn nswe) and Tshô Pangante
  • 1973: publication of Cam Medumba and zi'te nkite
  • 1979: publication of Mbwog NkUd MedUmbA and Tons, Textes...
  • 1985, 2 February: adoption of the current orthography at the 4th CEPOM Council

An ba da haruffa na yanzu a cikin tebur mai zuwa.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Medumba". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Warnier, Jean-Pierre (2015). "Review of "Nation of Outlaws, State of Violence: Nationalism, Grassfields Tradition, and State Building in Cameroon" by Meredith Terretta". African Studies Review. 58 (2): 255–257. doi:10.1017/asr.2015.56. S2CID 146494805.
  3. ↑ Feldman-Savelsberg, Pamela (1995). "Cooking inside: Kinship and Gender in Bangangté Idioms of Marriage and Procreation". American Ethnologist. 3. 22 (3): 483–501. doi:10.1525/ae.1995.22.3.02a00020. JSTOR 645968.
  4. ↑ Bandia, Paul F (1993). "Translation as Culture Transfer: Evidence from African Creative Writing". TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction. 6 (2): 55–78. doi:10.7202/037151ar.
  5. ↑ Ndjio, Basile (2009). "Migration, Architecture, and the Transformation of the Landscape in the Bamileke Grassfields of West Cameroon". African Diaspora. 2: 73–100. doi:10.1163/187254609X430777.
  6. ↑ Voorhoeve, Jan (1965). "The Structure of the Morpheme in Bamileke (Bangangté dialect)". Lingua. 13: 319–334. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(64)90034-8.
  7. ↑ Voorhoeve, Jan (1967). "Personal Pronouns in Bamileke". Lingua. 17 (3–4): 421–430. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(67)90010-1.
  8. ↑ Voorhoeve, Jan (1968). "Noun Classes in Bamileke". Lingua. 21: 584–593. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(68)90077-6.
  9. ↑ (Paul ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ Voorhoeve, Jan (1971). "Tonology of the Bamileke Noun". Journal of African Languages. 10: 44–53.
  11. ↑ Kouankem, Constantine (2013). "Determiner phrase structure and concord in Mə̀dʉ́mbὰ". South African Journal of African Languages. 33 (1): 59–64. doi:10.2989/02572117.2013.793941. S2CID 120261204.
  12. ↑ Bird, Stephen (2001). "Orthography and identity in Cameroon". Written Language & Literacy. 4 (2): 131–162. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.49.9177. doi:10.1075/wll.4.2.02bir. S2CID 13917876.
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