Harshen Moken

Harshen Moken
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) Malayo-Polynesian (en) Harsunan Yammacin Malay-Polynesian Harshen Moken
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	mwt
Glottolog	da moke1242 moke1241 da moke1242

Moken yare ne na Malayo-Polynesian wanda mazauna kudancin Myanmar da Kudancin Thailand ke magana, waɗanda ke kiran kansu Moken (mutane) da Mawken.

Rarraba

Harshen yana da alaƙa da Harshen Moklen, kuma ana iya kuskuren yin kama da Urak Lawoi' amma a zahiri yana da alaƙar nesa. Ana kuma ɗaukar su a matsayin "mutane na teku" kamar yadda masu magana suka fi mayar da hankali a cikin Tekun Andaman.

Tarihi

Harshen baki ne, Moken yare ne na Malayo-Polynesian wanda aka kafa bayan ƙaurawar Austronesians daga Taiwan shekaru 5,000-6,000 da suka gabata, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban wannan yaren Austronesian. Duk da yake yawan jama'a ya kunshi 4,000 Moken, kimanin mutane 1,500 ne kawai suka rage tun daga shekara ta 2009, wanda ya sa harshen ya zama barazanar halaka.

Haɗari

Daga cikin kabilanci, manyan masu magana da Moken sune tsofaffi yayin da rashin karatu da rubutu ya zama da wahala a canja wurin harshe, duk da haka rashin karatu da rubuce-rubuce ya taimaka wajen kiyaye harshe. Taken su na "mutane na teku" yana nuni da babban ilimin su game da teku, saboda wannan shine hanyar ƙaura, kuma salon rayuwar gargajiya na sauran ƙauyuka ya gina tsararraki na ilimin ruwa da gandun daji da ƙwarewar jirgin ruwa. Fa'idodin salon rayuwarsu sun kasance masu amfani lokacin da tsibirin Surin, inda yawancin Moken ke zaune, sun fuskanci babban tsunami a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004 yayin da kakanninsu suka haɗa tatsuniyoyin "makarori bakwai" da "laboon" (babban raƙuman ruwa).

Yankin da aka rarraba

Ana magana da yaren Moken a Burma da Thailand, kuma ana magana da yarukan da aka samo a kusa da Tekun Andaman.

Harsuna / Bambance-bambance

• Dung (masu magana da 635) ), ana magana da su a Myanmar
• Jait (masu magana 311) ), ana magana da su a Myanmar
• Lebi, L'be (980 masu magana ), ana magana da su a Myanmar
• Niawi, ana magana da shi a Myanmar
• Jadiak, ana magana da shi a Thailand

Ana magana da Dung, Jait, Lebi, da Niawi a Myanmar, da Jadiak a Thailand. Ba a bincika nau'ikan Burmese sosai ba.

Fasahar sauti

Ma'anar Moken

		Labari	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Gishiri
Hanci		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	fili	p	t	c	k	ʔ
	da ake nema	pʰ	tʰ	cʰ	kʰ
	murya	b	d	ɟ	g
Fricative			s			h
Rhotic			(r)
Kusanci		w	l	j

An bayyana matsayin phonemic na /r/ a matsayin 'mai matukar shakku' kuma mai yiwuwa ne allophone na /d/. A cikin yaren Tsibirin Surin, [ɾ] da [r] an bayyana su a matsayin allophones na /d/.

Sautin Moken

	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Kusa	i, iː		u, uː
Tsakanin Tsakiya	e, eː	ə	o, oː
Bude-tsakiya	ɛ, ɛː		ɔ, ɔː
Bude		a, aː
Diphthong	iə		uə

/i/ yana da allophone [ɪ] a cikin sassan da aka rufe kuma /ɛ/ yana da Allophone [æ] a cikin sautin da aka buɗe.

Fonotactics

Moken yana da matsakaicin tsarin syllable na CVC. Yawancin lokaci an haramta ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, wanda za'a iya gani ta hanyar daidaita kalmomin aro (Misali Thai nangsui → Moken lasiː ('littafi')) Dukkanin ƙididdigari na iya faruwa da syllable-da farko, amma a cikin matsayi na coda kawai /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /p/, /t/, /k/, /ʔ/, /h/, /w/ da /j/ na iya faruwa.

Moken galibi ya ƙunshi kalmomi masu banƙyama., duk da haka ana rage kalmomin kalmomi guda biyu akai-akai zuwa nau'in monosyllabic ta hanyar sharewa na farko da ba a haɗa su ba a cikin ainihin magana mai alaƙa.

Intonation da damuwa

Harshen Moken ya bi kama da ilimin sauti na Ingilishi game da intonation a cikin jumla. Hawan murya yana faruwa ne lokacin da ake faɗi jimloli waɗanda suka ƙare a matsayin tambayoyi ko kuma a matsayin furtawa. Ana amfani da sautin da ke faduwa a cikin jimloli na yau da kullun.

Lokacin da ya zo ga kalmomi biyu a cikin Moken waɗanda ake furta su a cikin jerin; kalma ta farko za ta ci gaba da daidaitawa kuma kalma ta biyu ta ƙare tare da sautin da ke tashi.

Dangane da sassan, kalmomin monosyllabic suna da daidaitattun damuwa a duk lokacin da ake furta su; yayin da kalmomin da suka hada da sassan da aka riga aka ƙaddara da babban sassan za su sami damuwa da aka sanya akan babban sassan. A wasu kalmomi, sashi na ƙarshe zai kasance koyaushe ana jaddada shi kuma rashin sa yana ba da alamar raguwar kalmomi.

Yanayin Yanayi

Magana

Kalmomin Moken an samo su ne daga sunaye, wanda yawanci yakan fara da ma'anar da ba ta hanci ba, ta hanyar canza ma'anar farko zuwa hanci. Misali:

waanbuːt ('mai tuƙi') → ɲəkuːt"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwARU" title="Moken-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">cəkuːt ('don tuƙi')

ŋɔbaŋ"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwARo" title="Moken-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">cʰɔbaŋ ('kibiya') → makirci ('don sanya shi a kanki')

cʰuju:k:k ('ƙwanƙwasawa') → luju:k 'zuwa nunawa')

ŋɔbat"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwASQ" title="Moken-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ʔɔbat ('magunguna') → makirci ('don magani')

waan da za a iya amfani da shi a matsayin mai girma (kifi) → mai girma ('kifi')

solaːy ('ƙasa') → ɲolaːy ('ƙaryaci')

kapiːt ('ƙuƙwalwa) ') → ŋapiːt ('don clip, don pinch')

Fishara ('tarar kamun kifi') → məjaːn"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwATg" title="Moken-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">pəjaːn ('don jefa net')

Kodayake hanci suna nuna aikatau, yawancin aikatau na Moken ba su da hanci na farko, misali,__wol____wol____wol__ ('don jin damuwa, don aiki'), kəboːk ('don zama mai laushi') da toloŋ ('don taimakawa').

Daidaita kalmomin aro a cikin Moken yana nuna alamar magana ma-/mə-, misali Thai Thām → Moken məthaːm ('don neman') da Thai ān → Moken maːn ('don karanta'). Wannan prefix mai yiwuwa ne mai alaƙa da prefix Malay məN- (meng-) kuma ta haka ne sake gina prefix Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-, wanda kuma ake amfani dashi azaman prefix na magana. Wannan hanyar samo asali da alama ba ta da amfani, kamar yadda kalmomin aro na Thai na baya-bayan nan ba sa ɗaukar prefix.

An samo asali ne

Hakazalika da prefix na magana, ana samun prefix kha- a cikin Moken, misali Thai muək → Moken kʰamuək ('hat'). Wannan morpheme kuma ya bayyana ya rasa yawan amfanin sa.

Alamar sunan namiji ʔa- da alamar sunan mace ʔi- wajibi ne kafin sunayen Moken da Moklen, sai dai idan an yi amfani da kalmar dangi.

Ana amfani da nau'in da aka rage na lambar 'ɗaya' ʔa- a matsayin prefix, yana aiki azaman labarin da ba a ƙayyade ba.