Harshen Mokilese

Harshen Mokilese
	lal in Mwoakilloa
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) ; Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Harsunan Malay-Polynesian na Tsakiya da Gabas; Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Oceanic (en) ; Central–Eastern Oceanic (en) ; Micronesian (en) ; Chuukic–Pohnpeic (en) ; Ponapeic (en) ; Harshen Mokilese; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	mkj
Glottolog	moki1238

Mokilese, wanda aka fi sani da Mwoakilloa, Mwokilese, ko Mwoakilese, yare ne na Micronesia wanda aka fara magana a Mwoakilloa, Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia. Daga cikin masu magana da Mokilese 1,200, kusan 500 ne kawai ke zaune a Mwoakilloa.

Gabatarwa

Tarihi

Mokil ya samo asali ne daga Mokil (ko Mwoakilloa) Atoll, amma masu magana sun yi ƙaura kusan kilomita 100 zuwa yamma, zuwa tsibirin Pohnpei, da sassa na Amurka. Mwoakilloa da Pohnpei duka suna cikin Tsibirin Caroline da ke sama da Papua New Guinea. Mwoakilloa wani yanki ne na tsibirin Pohnpei na Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia .

Kafin hulɗa ta Yamma, Mokilese kawai tana da hulɗa da tsibirai makwabta: Pohnpei, Pingelap, Kosrae, da Marshall Islands. Bayan masu binciken Mutanen Espanya sun "sake gano" Mokil Atoll, sun mallake shi a 1886 (Hezel, 1992). Ba da daɗewa ba bayan sun rasa Yakin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka a 1898, sun sayar da shi ga Jamus (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2014). Daga baya, a shekara ta 1914, Japan ta kwace shi kuma ta yi garkuwa sosai a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, har sai Japan ta mika wuya kuma ta ba da shi ga Amurka a watan Agustan 1945 (Hezel, 1992). Bayan haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na yankin amincewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka a 1947 har sai yankin amincewa ya rushe a 1986 (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2014).

Yawan jama'a

Mokilese shine sunan mutanen Mokil da kuma yaren da suke magana. A halin yanzu ana magana da shi a Mokil Atoll, tsibirin Pohnpei, da kuma wasu sassan Amurka. Akwai kusan 1,500 masu magana da wannan yaren da suka rage. 1,050 daga cikinsu suna zaune a Micronesia; dan kadan fiye da 900 a Pohnpei kuma kasa da 150 a Mokil Atoll. Sauran masu magana 450 sun warwatse a duk faɗin Amurka (Lewis, Simons, & Fennig, 2013). Kodayake wannan yaren ya samo asali ne a Mokil Atoll, yanzu akwai kusan masu magana 150 da ke zaune a Mokil atoll, yayin da sauran ke zaune a cikin al'ummomin diaspora ―kimanin kilomita 100 a yamma― zuwa Pohnpei, inda suka kasance har zuwa yau (Rehg & Bender, 1990).

Rarraba

Mokilese yare ne na Micronesian, sabili da haka, wani ɓangare na dangin yaren Austronesian. Mokilese na cikin rukuni na Pohnpeic, kuma ita ce 'yar'uwar Pingelapese da Pohnpeian. Mokilese yana da kusan 79% kama da Pingelapese, da kuma 75% tare da Pohnapeian (Lewis, Simons, & Fennig, 2013).

Fasahar sauti

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Mokilese yana da sautin sautin da ke biyowa:

Ma'anar a cikin Mokilese
	Labari		Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
	Biyuwa	Labarin-velar	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Plosive	Sunan haka	Ƙididdigar Ƙididdiga	An yi amfani d shi	Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi	Sashen
Hanci	Ya kam a yi amfani da shi	A cikin shekara ta	Ya kasan a cikin		Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi
Fricative			s da aka yi
Kusanci			Sanya
Trill			r-rubuce

/ɟ/ kuma ana iya gane shi azaman fricative a wasu matsayi, kuma ana iya jin sa a matsayin palatal affricate [ɟ͡] a cikin bambancin kyauta.

Bugu da ƙari Mokilese ya bambanta tsakanin masu sauƙi da geminate consonants kuma kowane consonant a sama yana da nau'i biyu na geminate. Misali likkoau (tufafi) ya bambanta da likoau (chapped). Maganganun jima'i suna faruwa ne kawai tsakanin wasula.^[2] An rubuta shi da kuma Sashen, Sashen, da Sashen, bi da bi.^[2]

Sautin sautin

Mokilese yana da sautuna 7 masu sauƙi waɗanda ke rarrabe tsakanin gajeren da tsawo iri-iri na kowannensu.

Wasula a cikin Mokilese
	A gaba		Komawa
Kusa	i	iː	u	uː
Tsakanin Tsakiya	e	eː	o	oː
Bude-tsakiya	ɛ	ɛː	ɔ	ɔː
Bude	a		aː

Kodayake an rarrabe su a cikin ilimin sauti, /e/ da /ɛ/ ba a rarrabe su ba a cikin rubutun Mokilese. Dukansu an rubuta su ne.

Mokilese kuma yana ba da damar triphthongs, wanda yake da wuya a cikin harsunan Pacific.

jaua - taro mai zaki
doau - hawa

Tsarin sautin

Kalmomin Mokilese na iya farawa da ƙare tare da wasula da ƙamus. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa babu dokoki kwata-kwata. Kalmomin Mokilese har yanzu suna kula da ka'idoji kamar yadda Harrison da Albert suka bayyana (1976):

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Mokilese". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Reference Grammar

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Mokilese". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Reference_Grammar-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Reference Grammar

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