Harshen Mortlockese
| Harshen Mortlockese | |
|---|---|
| kapasen Mwoshulók | |
| |
| Baƙaƙen boko | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
mrl |
| Glottolog |
mort1237[1] |
Mortlockese (Kapsen Mwoshulók), wanda aka fi sani da Mortlock ko Nomoi, yare ne na Chuukic na yarukan Micronesian a cikin Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia da ake magana da farko a Tsibirin Mortlock (Nomoi ko Lower Mortlock Islands da Upper Mortlock Islands). Kusan ana iya fahimta tare da Satawalese, tare da kashi 18 cikin dari na fahimta da kuma kashi 82 cikin dari na kamanceceniya, da kuma Puluwatese, tare da sauƙin fahimta da kashi 83 cikin dari na kwatankwacin kalmomi.[2] Harshen a yau ya zama mai fahimta tare da Chuukese, kodayake an yi alama da harshen Mortlockese. [ana buƙatar hujja]Tsarin harshe ya nuna cewa Mortlockese yana haɗuwa da Chuukese tun lokacin da Mortlockese yanzu yana da 80 zuwa 85 cikin dari na kamanceceniya. [2]
Akwai kusan masu magana da Mortlockese dubu biyar zuwa bakwai a cikin tsibirin Mortlock, Guam, Hawaii, da Amurka. Akwai akalla yaruka daban-daban guda goma sha ɗaya waɗanda ke nuna wasu nau'ikan rubutu ga ƙungiyoyin tsibirin Mortlock.
Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mortlockese yare ne na Austronesian a halin yanzu yana riƙe da matsayin harshe na 6b *, ma'ana cewa yana fuskantar barazanar halaka. Fiye da haka, ana ba da harshe matsayin harshe na 6b lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi kawai don sadarwa ta mutum (watau, ba harshen rubutu ba), tare da raguwa a cikin yawan masu magana. A cikin yarukan nukiliya na Micronesian, Harshe na Mortlockese ya fada ƙarƙashin rukunin Chuukic. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga haɗarin Mortlockese na yanzu shine bala'o'i na halitta, kamar guguwar da ta mamaye tsibirin Mortlock a cikin 1907.[3] Irin waɗannan bala'o'i na iya kashe masu magana da Mortlockese da yawa, kuma tunda ana watsa harshe ta hanyar baki, ana cire hanyoyi da yawa don ba da al'ada da harshe ga matasa.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsibirin Mortlock, inda aka fi magana da Mortlockese, an kiyasta cewa ya sami mazauninsa na farko a kusan shekaru ɗari takwas zuwa ɗari tara da suka gabata. Akwai shaidar da ke nuna cewa Harshe na Mortlock ya samo asali ne daga Chuuk Lagoon tun lokacin da yawancin 'yan asalin Mortlock suka gano tarihin su zuwa tsibirin Chuuk Lagoun. Tare da asalin asali, dangin da yawa da ke cikin tsibirin Mortlock suma suna cikin tsibirin Chuuk Lagoon.[3] A cikin 1907, akwai guguwa da ta buge tsibirin Mortlock Ta wanda ya sa mutanen da ke wurin su koma Saipan da Pohnpei. Yanzu, ana iya samun masu magana da harshen Mortlockese ba kawai a tsibirin Mortlock ba, har ma a Saipan da Pohnpei.
Rubuta harshe ta hanyar rubuta shi a ƙasa ba sabon abu ba ne; maimakon haka, ana ba da labaran baki, wanda ke haifar da tarihin da ba a samu ba. Yara sun koyi daga iyayensu da labarun da dangi suka fada. Babban rawar da 'yan mata ke takawa tun suna girma shine taimaka wa mahaifiyarsu da kuma koyon ayyukan gida. Ga yara maza, an inganta ayyukan "maza" kamar kamun kifi. Rayuwar iyali tana da mahimmanci, kuma biyayya ta yarda da yara saboda tsoron ikon da ya fi na halitta da ke azabtar da su. Labarai da tatsuniyoyi sun ba da labaran addinai da al'adu. Iyali yana da mahimmanci ga 'yan asalin Mortlock. Tsarin iyali yana da mahimmanci kuma ana bin dokoki daban-daban dangane da tsibirai daban-daban. A lokuta da yawa, matar ita ce shugaban iyali. Shirye-shiryen barci na iya nufin maza a cikin manyan gidaje sun rabu da mata da yara. Abokantaka ma tana da matukar muhimmanci a cikin al'adun Mortlockese. Abokantaka ta fi zama "yan uwa. " An lura cewa idan aka kafa abota tsakanin mutane biyu, kowannensu ya zama iyali.
Tun a farkon watan Janairun 1874, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sun ziyarci tsibirin kuma sun fara gina makarantu don koyar da 'yan asalin hanyoyin rayuwa na addini. Babban kokarin su shine kara wayar da kan jama'a game da Puritanism. An gabatar da tufafin Turai, da kuma haramtacciyar miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa. Akwai damuwa game da yara a makaranta da ba su da alaƙa da hanyoyin su na asali. An amince da tarihin da al'adun 'yan asalin kuma an sabunta sabon hanya kuma an ci gaba da shekaru. A cewar takardu da yawa, an yi canje-canje da yawa ga tsarin karatun don haɗa al'adun asali da kuma gabatar da sabbin bayanai daga Turawa.
Gaskiyar tarihi da aka fi sani da ita ita ce mutanen Mortlock sun isa tsibirin a cikin jirgin ruwa. A cikin karni na 19, 'yan kasuwa sun ci gaba da yin rikodin ziyarar da suka kai tsibirin suna ba da shaida game da zama.
A cikin 1907 wata guguwa ta mamaye tsibirin Mortlock, ta lalata gidaje, kuma ta kashe daruruwan mutane. Bala'o'i na halitta, yaƙi, da sauran canje-canje ga tsibirai sune laifin ƙananan ko babu takardun tarihin Mortlock da harshe. Abin da ya rage shi ne rubuce-rubucen masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka ziyarci tsibirin don koyar da kalmar Allah, da kuma fassara Harshe na Mortlockese zuwa rubutun Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Akwai takardu game da abin da aka koyar da shi a makarantun da aka bude, da kuma yawan ɗalibai da malamai da ke wurin. Har ila yau, akwai wasu dokoki da aka lura a lokuta da yawa da ke nuna cewa kalmomi ba koyaushe ba ne abin da suke tsammani. Dangane da iyali da dangi, ana amfani da sunayen sirri yayin da ake magana game da iyali maimakon kalmomi kamar "ɗan'uwa," ko "kakan". Kalmomin dangi suna rarraba dangi maimakon lakafta su kai tsaye. Wannan misali ne kawai na harshe da za mu iya nazarin daga yadda aka tsara harshen Mortlockese.
Yankin da aka rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]_-_FSM_-_UNOCHA.svg)
Ana magana da yaren Mortlockese a jihar Chuuk . Ana magana da shi a cikin yaruka goma sha ɗaya daban-daban a kan tsibirin Mortlock guda goma sha ɗaya (Ta-linkid="164" href="./Etal_Atoll" id="mwbQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Etal Atoll">Ettal, Kutt, Lekinioch, Losap, Moch, Nama, Namoluk, Oneop, Piis-Emwar, Satowan, Ta), dukansu suna da fahimtar juna. Masu magana da Mortlockese suna iya gane inda wasu masu magana suka fito, ko tsibiri daban ko ƙauye daban, bisa ga bambancin bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin magana.[3] Akwai kusan masu magana da yaren dubu biyar zuwa bakwai, galibi a tsibirin Mortlock da kuma ko'ina cikin Micronesia, amma kuma a tsibirin Pacific (Hawaii da Guam musamman) da kuma Amurka. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1907, bayan lalacewar da guguwa ta haifar da tsibirin Mortlock Ta inda ta kashe rabin yawan jama'a a can, mutanen Mortlock da ke zaune a wannan tsibirin sun koma Saipan da Pohnpei. [3] A kan Pohnpei, Mortlocks sun yi magana da ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Mortlockese guda uku tare da Pohnpeian ko Turanci a matsayin yare na biyu a cikin al'ummar da suka kafa.[4] Bayan shekaru da yawa, mutanen Mortlockese da ke zaune a Pohnpei sun koma Pakin Atoll a cikin tsibirin Mortlock, inda suke magana da yaren Kapsen Mwoshulok, suna nuna daidaitawa da juyin halitta, yayin da suke riƙe da Pohnpeian a matsayin yare na biyu.[4] Turanci shine harshen ƙasa a cikin tsibirin Mortlock; duk da haka, yawancin suna amfani da shi ne kawai lokacin hulɗa da mutane daga wasu wurare ko a makaranta. Maimakon Turanci, Mortlockese da Pohnpeian sune yarukan da ake magana da su.[3]Yaren Lukunosh yana daya daga cikin yarukan Mortlockese na kudanci.
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lukunosh, yaren Mortlockese, yana da sautin sautin tara da sautin 15 .
| A gaba | Tsakiya | Komawa | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Babba | i | ʉ | u |
| Tsakanin tsakiya | o | ||
| Tsakanin tsakiya | ɛ | ɞ | ɔ |
| Ƙananan | æ | a |
Tebur da aka samo daga pg.100 na Odango, Emmerson .
| Biyuwa | Dental / Alveolar |
Alveo-palatal<br id="mw4g"> | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fili | Labialized | ||||
| Plosive | p | pʷ | t̪ | tʃ | k |
| Hanci | m | mʷ | n | ŋ | |
| Fricative | f | s | ʃ | ||
| Trill | r | ||||
| Kusanci | w | l | j | ||
Tebur da aka samo daga pg.96 na Odango, Emmerson .
Gemination yana yiwuwa ga duk consonants. (shafi na 98)
Syllables suna cikin nau'in (C) (C) V (V) (C), inda (C) zaɓi ne kuma (V) zaɓi ne na wasali. Misali na syllable na CCVVCC shine so.ko.ppaat (ma'ana iri-iri a cikin Lukunosh Mortlockese). (shafi na 10)
Maimaitawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Reduplication yana faruwa a wasu kalmomi don bayyana matsanancin ma'auni. Hakanan yana iya nuna wani abu mara cikakke ko al'ada.
Lambobin da ƙidaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin ƙidaya a cikin Mortlockese tsarin tushe ne na 10. Tebur mai zuwa ya haɗa da lambobin da aka yi amfani da su a ƙididdigar serial, wanda kuma masu rarraba lambobi zasu iya canzawa.
| Adadin | Mortlockese |
|---|---|
| 1 | "Ni" |
| 2 | "ruwou-" |
| 3 | "Shi" |
| 4 | "ruanu-" |
| 5 | "Limu-" |
| 6 | "Wunu" |
| 7 | "Fusú-" |
| 8 | "Walu-" |
| 9 | "tiwou-" |
Tebur da aka samo daga shafi na 50 na Binciken farko na rayuwar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na mutanen Mortlock Islands
Ƙididdigar jerin yana buƙatar amfani da prefix "e-" kuma amfani da kowane lamba tare da mai rarrabawa yana canza kalmar "ɗaya" daga "-e" zuwa "-te. " Ana amfani da masu rarraba lambobi don danganta halaye na abu, kuma misalai sun haɗa da "-mutum" don ƙididdigar batutuwa masu rai, "-faú" don abubuwa masu siffar zagaye, da "-shé" don abubuwa da ke da tsawo. Ana amfani da masu rarraba don nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin abubuwa da yawa da mai mallakar abubuwa.
Harsuna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai yaruka daban-daban goma sha ɗaya a cikin Harshe na Mortlockese kuma bisa ga masu bincike, masu magana da Mortlockese na iya sanin bambancin tsakanin yarukan Mortlockese daban-daban. Yawancin waɗannan bambance-bambance suna cikin yadda kalmomi ke sauti da kuma yadda rubutun kalmomi ya bambanta.
| Magana | Piis-Emwmwar | Lukunosh | Satawan | Tea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kaza | meluk | Malek | Malek | Maƙarƙashiya |
| don tafiya | Lobo | da | Lobo | Lobo |
| a ciki | Rashin sama | llan | Rashin sama | Rashin sama |
| don barci | Múr | Maur | Maur | Múr |
| don tafiya tare da | eeti | Itei | ya / ya | ya zama |
| ƙasar | fénú | Faneú | fanú | fénú |
| daga | sengi | Sangoi | sangi | Jani |
| babban tururuwa sp. | Uukesh | ukash | ukosh | ukesh |
| kare | kolaak | Kómwia | komwia | Kitti |
| Litinin | Saranfál | Mastánfal | Saranfál | Mistánfél |
| Talata | Aruwou | Aruwowan | Aruwowan | Raán Ruwou |
| Asabar | Ammól | Raán Amwól | Raán Amwól | Raán Ukumw |
| kwari | mechchang | LONG | LONG | Pitering |
| karamin tururuwa sp. | luulu | lengeleng | likúkkútong /
harshen harshe |
Lulu |
Tebur da aka samo daga shafi na 24 na Odango, Emmerson .
Harshen harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harsuna daban-daban na Mortlockese suna da digiri daban-daban. Misali, Lukunosh Mortlockese kamar yadda ake magana a Pukin yana da matakai huɗu na diexis (kusa mai magana, kusa da mai sauraro, nesa da mai magana da mai sauraron, a cikin tunanin mai magana da masu sauraro) yayin da Kúttú Mortlockese yana da matani biyar.
Baya ga sunayen gama gari da sunayen da suka dace sunayen dangantaka ne, waɗanda aka sake raba su zuwa kashi uku: karkata, wuri, da kuma ɓangare.
Alamun batutuwa suna taimakawa wajen fassara ko dai muhawara ta anaphoric ko yarjejeniyar nahawu. Alamun abu suna nuna mutum na uku na mutum ɗaya inda akwai wani abu a bayyane. Dukansu mutum na uku guda abu mai mahimmanci da sauran mutum na uku da ba na mutum na uku ba suna aiki azaman yarjejeniyar anaphoric lokacin da babu wani abu a bayyane.
Kalmomin suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Magana mai suna aƙalla suna ne. Wannan sunan da ba a san shi ba za a iya canza shi ta hanyar nunawa, mallaka, da masu rarraba lambobi. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a haɗa alamar TAM /mii/ bayan sunan da ba shi da kyau sannan a ƙara adjective. Misali shine /uuʃ/ 'banana' yana juyawa zuwa /uuʃ mii par/ 'jan ayaba'. Tsarin kalmomi masu suna gabaɗaya suna bin nau'in: (Lamba) (mai mallaka) (ma'anar mallaka) (shafi na 129)
Kalmomin aikatau
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmomin aikatau suna bin nau'in (Proclitic prefix) (subject) (TAM marker) (optional adverb) (verb) (suffix) (directional suffix)) (abu ko suna), yana ba Mortlockese tsarin jumla na SVO. Wakilan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin jumlar suna biye da wani bangare na morpheme, tare da bangare daya kawai na morphem a kowane sashi. Abinda kawai aka yi amfani da shi a cikin harshen Mortlockese shine /mń/ .[3]
Sunaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunayen gama gari ko na asali ba su da prefixes ko suffixes kuma ana iya amfani da su tare da masu rarrabawa don ƙidaya. Hakanan ana iya rarraba su ta hanyar masu rarraba mallakar da ke nuna dangantakar da ke tsakanin mai mallakar da abu a matsayin kai tsaye ko mai ba da izini, kuma ana amfani da ƙididdigar mallakar don nuna mallakar kai tsaye ko wanda ba za a iya cirewa ba. Wasu sunaye kuma suna nuna takamaiman amfani da abin da ake tambaya, gami da yanayin yadda batun zai yi amfani da shi a cikin jumla. Ana iya canza sunaye ta hanyar adjectives, demonstratives, da masu rarraba lambobi kuma sunayen da aka gyara yawanci za su fuskanci tsawo na wasali daga (C) (V) (C) zuwa (C) Nau'o'in sunaye a cikin Mortlockese sun haɗa da sunayen da suka dace, sunayen dangantaka (waɗanda ba za a iya canzawa ba kuma ana amfani da su don nuna mallakar da ba za a ba da izini ba), sunayen da ba su da kyau, sunayen wuri, da sunayen ɓangare.
Kalmomin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmomin da ba su wucewa ba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmomin da ba su canzawa a cikin Mortlockese ana bayyana su ta hanyar nau'o'i biyu daban-daban. Kwalejin farko shine "marasa amfani", wanda ke da alaƙa da adjectives kuma yana iya nuna cewa abu yana fuskantar tsari ko aiki. Sauran aji shine "unergatives," wanda ya fi kama da ainihin aikatau saboda suna bayyana ayyuka maimakon yanayin kasancewa. Dukkanin nau'ikan kalmomin da ba su wucewa suna da nau'ikan kalmomi masu alaƙa.
Kalmomin da ke wucewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmomin da ke wucewa suna buƙatar amfani da ma'anar abu kai tsaye wanda ke nuni da abu na jumlar. Wadannan sun hada da kalmomi masu mahimmanci, waɗanda ake amfani da su tare da ma'anar abu kai tsaye kuma ba a amfani da su ba tare da causatives ko reduplication don nuna fannoni daban-daban. Ana iya amfani da kalmomi masu wucewa a cikin Mortlockese shi kaɗai ko kuma ya biyo bayan kalma mai suna kai tsaye a cikin sashi.
Adverbs
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Adverbs na iya zuwa kafin ko bayan aikatau a cikin jumla. Haɗakar da adjective tare da morpheme /lɛ/ da aikatau zai haifar da wani nau'i wanda kusan ke fassara zuwa nau'in adverb na Turanci wanda ya ƙare da "-ly".
Wakilan sunaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana amfani da nau'ikan sunaye guda huɗu a cikin Mortlockese. Ana iya amfani da nau'in farko, sunayen masu zaman kansu, ko dai a matsayin batun ko abu kai tsaye na jumla ko jumla. Ana iya amfani da bambance-bambance ko siffofi daban-daban a cikin yaruka daban-daban, amma duk siffofin suna musayar. Ana amfani da maganganun batutuwa don nuna yawan mutanen da ake magana game da su a matsayin batun. Misali na metathesis na harshe an nuna shi a cikin bambancin mutum na uku mai suna /ɛr=/ zuwa /rɛ=/ inda aka yarda da amfani da ko dai, amma mai magana zai zaɓi yin amfani da nau'i ɗaya kawai.Ana amfani da sunayen sunayen kai tsaye don nuna yawan mutanen da ake magana game da su a matsayin abu kai tsaye na jumla ko jumla.A ƙarshe, ana amfani da sunayen sunaye don nuna yawan masu mallaka da alaƙar da ke tsakanin mai magana da mai mallaka.Ana iya haɗa aikatau tare da prefixes masu haifar da shi, suffixes na kai tsaye na mutum na uku da wasula na jigogi (wanda hada shi ya dogara da ko ƙarshen aikatau wasali ne ko ma'ana) don ƙirƙirar sassan bayyanawa waɗanda suka haɗa da sunayen. Harsuna daban-daban za su sami hanyoyi daban-daban na canza kalmomi da sunaye; Hakanan, bambance-bambance na tsara suna samar da nau'ikan gyare-gyaren kalmomi daban-daban.Ana amfani da sunayen masu zaman kansu don amsa tambayoyin WH.
Bayyanawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana amfani da nunawa na musamman da na jam'i don nuna kusanci da mai magana ko mai sauraro, da kuma yawan abubuwa da ke akwai. Wadannan kalmomi suna da kwatankwacin Ingilishi na "wannan," "wannan", "a nan," "a nan", da sauransu. Hakanan ana iya canza waɗannan don nuna wasu halaye na batun, kamar tunawa da wani abu daga baya wanda ba ya tare da masu magana a lokacin da suka zaɓi tattauna shi.
Haɗin kai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Nau'ikan haɗuwa guda biyu a cikin Mortlockese sune masu biyayya da masu daidaitawa.
Masu rarraba mallakar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mai rarraba mai mallaka yana aiki ne a matsayin tushen kalmar, kuma yana nuna alaƙar sunan mallaka da mai shi. Babban mai rarraba a cikin Lukunosh shine [jaa-].
Ƙididdigar mallaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| 1SG | -j |
| 2SG | -mw |
| 3SG | - |
| 1 PL.INCL | -ʃ |
| 1 PL.Bayyanawa | -mama |
| 2PL | -mi |
| 3PL | -r |
| KYAUTA | -n |
Lokacin da aka haɗa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamden ƙayƙwalwa zuwa kalmomin ƙarshe, ana sanya wasula tsakanin ƙayyadamshi na ƙarshe da ƙayyadagwar. Misali shine [maas] (idaya, fuska) zama [masan] (idansu, fuska). Hanyar [masn] tana yiwuwa a cikin Mortlockese, amma masu magana suna ganin ba zai yiwu ba.
Kalmomin kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba za a iya magana da wasu kalmomi a gaban kishiyar jinsi ba. Wannan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden jinsi, wani lokacin ana kiransa magana ta cookhouse, ana iya amfani da ita ne kawai lokacin da ake magana da mutane iri ɗaya. Wannan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden jinsi yana nuna misali na gujewa magana, wani nau'in girmamawa, a cikin Harshe na Mortlockese. Mortlockese al'umma ce ta matrilineal, la'akari da zuriyar patrilineal a matsayin na biyu. Kalmomin Mortlockese sun haɗa da kalmomi don nuna 'yan uwa da' yan uwan jinsi ɗaya, da kalmomi daban-daban don komawa' yan uwa da' ya bambanta da jinsi. Kalmomin na iya zama mai wucewa, marasa wucewa (marasa wucewa ko marasa sauyawa), ko kuma masu wucewa.[3]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Mortlockese". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namede25 - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedOdango - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid
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