Harshen Nambikwara
| Harshen Nambikwara | |
|---|---|
'Yan asalin magana | 720 (2006) |
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
nab |
| Glottolog |
sout2994[1] |
Nambikwara (wanda kuma ake kira Nambikwara da Kudancin Nambiquara, don rarrabe shi daga Mamaindê) yare ne na asali da Nambikwaro ke magana, wanda ke zaune a wuraren ajiyar tarayya da ke rufe kusan murabba'in kilomita 50,000 na ƙasa a Mato Grosso da yankunan makwabta na Rondonia a Brazil. [2] Saboda gaskiyar cewa yaren Nambikwara yana da irin wannan babban rabo na masu magana (kuma, mutum na iya ƙaddara, babban adadin watsawa), da kuma gaskiyar cewa al'umma tana da halin kirki game da yaren, ba a dauke shi cikin haɗari duk da gaskiyar cewa masu magana da shi sun zama ƙananan ƙarancin jama'ar Brazil. Saboda wadannan dalilai, UNESCO a maimakon haka ta rarraba Nambikwara a matsayin mai rauni.[3]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cewar David Price (1983), an yi nuni ga mutanen Nambikwara tun daga farkon shekara ta 1671 a cikin rahoton Padre Gonçalo de Veras. Koyaya, a wani asusun daga Povos Indígenas do Brasil, an ce an fara tuntuɓar mutanen Nambikwara a cikin 1770, lokacin da Portuguese, don neman zinariya, suka fara gina hanya tsakanin Forte Bragança da Vila Bela . An kafa ci gaba da hulɗa lokacin da a cikin 1907, Colonel Candido Mariano da Silva Rondon ya fara bincika yankunan da Nambikwara ke zaune, kuma ya kafa layin telegraph tsakanin 1909 da 1915.
A farkon zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1900, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje daga Amurka da kuma daga ko'ina cikin Brazil sun tuntubi Nambikwara. Ɗaya daga cikin rukuni na masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, wanda aka sani da Sabbin Kabilun, Nambikwara ne suka kashe su a cikin 1950 da ake zaton a matsayin fansa. Koyaya, ba duk hulɗa da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje ba ne suka haifar da mutuwa. A cikin 1962, an gudanar da "bincike na farko na yarukan Nambikwara", musamman ga yaren Mamaindê.[4] Tun daga shekarun 1930, an kuma koya wa masu magana da Mamaindê Littafi Mai-Tsarki yayin da wasu masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suka fassara shi cikin yarensu, kuma wasu sun gamsu da shiga makarantu da koyon Portuguese.[4] A cewar David Price [4] yayin da akwai dogon tarihin ilimin Kirista ga masu magana da Mamaindê, da yawa daga cikinsu ba za a iya la'akari da su a matsayin masu bi na Kirista ba kuma kawai sun yi magana game da abubuwan da suka samu tare da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje a matsayin "koyon game da hanyar rayuwar fararen mutane".
A shekara ta 1968, shugaban Brazil na lokacin Costa da Silva ya kirkiro ajiyar farko ga mutanen Nambikwara tare da manufar "canja dukkan kungiyoyin Nambikwaro zuwa ajiyar guda 'yantar da sauran yankin don ayyukan noma".[ing][to] Abin takaici, ajiyar da aka sauya Nambikwara zuwa ƙasa mara inganci, kuma ƙasashen da suka zauna da farko tare da ƙasa mafi inganci an sayar da su ga kamfanonin noma a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. Gina babbar hanyar tsakanin Cuiabá da Porto Velho ya kuma rage girman yankin Nambikwara har ma da ƙari. A halin yanzu, yawancin kungiyoyi 30 na asali na mutanen Nambikwara sun ƙare, kuma sauran mutanen suna zaune a cikin yankuna tara na yankin Nambiquara: "Vale do Guaporé, Pirineus de Souza, Nambikwra, Lagoa dos Brincos, Taihãntesu, Pequizal, Sararé, Tirecatinga da Tubarão-Latundê".[4]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya raba dangin yaren Nambikwara zuwa manyan kungiyoyi uku: Sabanê, Arewacin Nambikwaro (Mamaindê), da Kudancin Nambikara (ko kawai Nambikwar). Sabanê yana magana ne daga Nambikwara da ke zaune a arewacin yankin da aka rarraba, arewacin Kogin Iquê. Masu magana da Sabanê sun fi fama da annoba da aka kawo ta hanyar hulɗa da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun mutu saboda waɗannan annoba. Koyaya, a yau yawancin sauran masu magana da Sabanê suna zaune tare da masu magana da Mamaindê ko a garin Vilhena.
Kungiyoyin Nambikwara suna magana da Arewacin Nambikwara a gefen kogin Roosevelt da Tenente Marques. Arewacin Nambikwara ya ci gaba da raba zuwa yaruka bakwai da ake fahimta da juna da mutanen Da'wandê, Da'wendêm Âlpimentê, Yâlãkuntê (Latundê) , Yalakalorê, Mamaindê, da Negarotê ke magana. A ƙarshe, Kudancin Nambikwara yana magana da sauran mutanen Nambikwaro, tare da yaruka huɗu na yanki da suka bazu a fadin kwarin Juruena, yankin da ke kusa da kogin Galera da Guaporé, da kuma yankin da ke tare da Kwarin Sararé. Ba kamar Arewacin Nambikwara ba, yarukan Kudancin Nambikwara ba su da fahimtar juna.[5]
An yi ƙoƙari don bayyana Kudancin Nambikwara tun aƙalla farkon karni na 20, sau da yawa a cikin jerin ƙamus. A cikin takarda ta 1978 "The Nambiquara Linguistic Family" David Price ya tattauna jerin kalmomin da aka buga tsakanin 1910 da 1960, gami da waɗanda Levi-Strauss (1948), Rondon (1948), da Roquette-Pinto (1913). Farashin ya nace cewa jerin kalmomin farko ba su isa ba, kuma galibi suna dauke da fassarar da ba daidai ba, saboda yawancin su mutane ne suka tattara su ba tare da horo na harshe ba (1978). Bugu da ƙari, Price ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan wallafe-wallafen farko ba su nuna "mahimmanci na sauti (ies) " na yaren Nambikwara ba, saboda waɗannan masu bincike sun ɗauka cewa sautunan da suka bambanta a cikin yarensu na asali sun kasance masu banbanci a cikin Nambiquara.[6]
Tun daga shekarun 1960, an buga cikakkun bayanai game da Nambikwara, gami da bayanin Nambikwaro phonology, morphophonemics, syntax da semantics. Farashin kansa ya buga takarda a 1976 mai suna "Kudancin Nambiquara Phonology", wanda ya lissafa sautunan magana da aka samu a Nambikwara kuma ya tattauna damuwa da tsawon cikin harshe. Wata takarda ta baya ta Barbara Kroeker (1972) ta kuma bayyana ilimin sauti na Nambikwara, kuma ta mai da hankali ga hanyoyin phonological da ke faruwa a cikin harshe da ƙuntatawa na morphological akan tsarin sauti na Nambiquara. Cikakken bayanin ƙamus na Nambikwara ya fito ne daga takardar Menno Kroeker (2001) "A Descriptive Grammar of Nambiquara", wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe ta bazara ta buga.[2] Bayanan Kroeker sun dogara ne akan daruruwan shafuka na bayanan da ya tattara yayin da yake zaune tsakanin mutanen Nambikwara, kuma yana mai da hankali kan tsarin harshe da ma'anar. Musamman, ya bayyana sassan Nambikwra na magana, tsari na kalma, lokaci, fasalin, yanayi, murya, tsarin sashi, da haɗin suna.[2] Kroeker (2001) ya kuma bayyana a takaice ilimin sauti na Nambikwara, yana ba da jerin sunayen sauti da tattaunawa game da tsarin syllable, sautin, tsawon, da damuwa.[2] Ivan Lowe ya kuma wallafa rubutun lissafi na Nambikwara ta hanyar Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe ta bazara. Babu wani ilimin koyarwa na harshe a halin yanzu.
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sautin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
|
|
|
|
Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Nambikwara". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Kroeker 2001.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedMosley - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedMillera - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedMillerc - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedPrice