Harshen Ngarluma

Harshen Ngarluma
Dangin harshen	abu; abstract entity (en) ; languoid (en) ; language (en) ; human language (en) ; indigenous language (en) ; Australian Aboriginal languages (en) ; Pama–Nyungan (en) ; Ngayarda (en) ; Harshen Ngarluma; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	nrl
Glottolog	ngar1287

Ngarluma da Kariyarra mambobi ne na ci gaba da yaren, wanda yake wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar yaren Ngayarda na Yammacin Ostiraliya, a cikin Iyalin yaren Pama-Nyungan . Wasu kafofin sun nuna cewa wani Yaren da ya ƙare, Jaburara, memba ne na uku na ci gaba. Koyaya, a bayyane yake cewa Jaburara yana da bambancin ainihi wanda aka ɓoye shi ta hanyar rushewar yawan masu magana da Jaburara a ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma akwai wasu shaidu cewa Jaburari na iya zama yaren Martuthunira (duba ƙasa).

Duk da yake kuma Ngarluma da Kariyarra, a matsayin sassan ci gaba, suna fahimtar juna, masu magana da su suna ɗaukar su harsuna daban-daban, suna nuna rarrabuwar kabilanci tsakanin mutanen Ngarluma Da Kariyarra. Saboda haka ana iya ɗaukar su a matsayin yare ɗaya, mai yawa.

A karkashin tsarin rarrabuwa na Carl Georg von Brandenstein na shekarar 1967, an sanya Ngarluma a matsayin harshen "Coastal Ngayarda" (ko Ngaryarta), amma rabuwa da rukuni zuwa "Coastal" da "Inland" ba a sake la'akari da shi ba.

Harsuna

Baya ga rarrabuwa tsakanin Ngarluma da Kariyarra, akwai ko dai uku ko huɗu a cikin Ngarluma. Koyaya, haɗa Jaburara - wanda yayi daidai da imani tsakanin mutanen Ngarluma cewa Mutanen Jaburara da ƙasarsu ta gargajiya ƙaramin rukuni ne na mutanen Ngarloma da ƙasashe - yana da rikici. Akwai dalilai biyu na wannan: yaren Jaburara wani lokacin ana ɗaukar shi yaren kansa, ko yaren Martuthunira. Akwai shaidar ƙa'idar ta ƙarshe a cikin kalmar jaburara, wanda ke nufin "masu arewa" a cikin yarukan yankin: ^[2] ƙasashen gargajiya na Jaburara, a kan da kewayen Burrup Peninsula, gabaɗaya suna arewacin ƙasashen Martuthunira (yayin da Jaburara galibi suna yammacin ƙasashen Ngarluma).

A pidginized An yi amfani da wani nau'i na Ngarluma a matsayin harshen hulɗa a yankin .^[3]

Fasahar sauti

Sautin sautin

	A gaba	Komawa
Babba	i	u
Ƙananan	a

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

	Yankin waje		Laminal		Abinda ke da ban sha'awa
	Labari	Velar	Dental	Palatal	Alveolar	Retroflex
Plosive	b	k/ɡ	t̪	ɟ	d	ɖ
Hanci	m	ŋ	n̪	ɲ	n	ɳ
Hanyar gefen			l̪	ʎ	l	ɭ
Rhotic					r
Kusanci	w			j		ɻ

Hakanan ana iya jin muryar /r/ a matsayin bututun [ɾ].
Har ila yau, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna faruwa a matsayin [n̪t̪] [ɳɖ].

Yankin harshe / iyakoki

Mutanen Kariyarra, kafin mazaunin Turai sun mamaye wani yanki daga Kogin Yule gabas zuwa Port Hedland da kudu zuwa Hamersley Range.

Yankin Ƙaddamar da Ƙididdigar Ƙasar Ngarluma (ciki har da ƙasashen Jaburara) ya rufe yankin kudu daga Point Samson, Cossack, Wickham, Roebourne, zuwa iyakar arewacin Millstream-Chichester National Park da; daga gefen gabas na bakin Kogin Maitland zuwa gefen yammacin Kogin Peawah kusa da Whim Creek, gami da garuruwan Dampier da Karratha . ^[4]

Koyaya, wannan iyaka tana da rikice-rikice saboda dalilai biyu: ya haɗa da yankunan da yawancin mutanen Martuthunira ke ɗauka a matsayin ƙasar gargajiya kuma; saboda dalilai na shari'a, ba ya haɗa da wuraren da yawancin mutanen Ngarluma ke la'akari da su fada cikin ƙasarsu ta gargajiya.

Bayanan da ke ƙasa

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Ngarluma". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Thieberger, Nicholas (1996). "4.4 North of the Gascoyne River to Port Hedland". Handbook of Western Australian Aboriginal languages south of the Kimberley. Archived from the original on 1997-01-04. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
↑ Dench, Alan (1998). "Pidgin Ngarluma: an indigenous contact language in North Western Australia". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 13 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1075/jpcl.13.1.02den.
↑ "Ngarluma Aboriginal Corporation". Ngarluma Aboriginal Corporation. 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Ngarluma". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] Thieberger, Nicholas (1996). "4.4 North of the Gascoyne River to Port Hedland". Handbook of Western Australian Aboriginal languages south of the Kimberley. Archived from the original on 1997-01-04. Retrieved 12 October 2012.

[3] Dench, Alan (1998). "Pidgin Ngarluma: an indigenous contact language in North Western Australia". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 13 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1075/jpcl.13.1.02den.

[4] "Ngarluma Aboriginal Corporation". Ngarluma Aboriginal Corporation. 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.

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