Harshen Nukuoro

Harshen Nukuoro
basa de henua
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) Malayo-Polynesian (en) Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian (en) Harsunan Malay-Polynesian na Tsakiya da Gabas Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (en) Oceanic (en) Central–Eastern Oceanic (en) Central Pacific (en) Polynesian (en) Nuclear Polynesian (en) Harshen Nukuoro
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	nkr
Glottolog	nuku1260

Harshen Nukuoro yare ne na Polynesian Outlier, wanda kusan mutane 1,200 ke magana a Nukuoro Atoll da Pohnpei, tsibirai biyu na Jihar Pohnpei a cikin Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia . Nukuoro wani tsibiri ne mai nisa tare da yawan jama'a kusan 150, inda harshen farko shine Nukuoro . Ƙarin daruruwan masu magana da Nukuoro suna zaune a Kolonia, Pohnpei, tare da ƙananan al'ummomin da ke zaune a wasu wurare a Micronesia da Amurka. Yawancin masu magana da Nukuoro, musamman wadanda ke zaune nesa da Nukuuro Atoll, suna da harsuna da yawa a cikin Pohnpeian da / ko Ingilishi; wasu tsofaffin masu magana da Mukuoro suma sun san Jamusanci ko Jafananci.

Rarraba

Nukuoro na cikin dangin yaren Polynesian, reshe na rukuni na Oceanic na dangin Austronesian. Yana da alaƙa da sauran harsunan Polynesian, tare da kamanceceniya da ƙamus. A cikin reshen Polynesia, Nukuoro memba ne na Polynesian Outliers, wanda mutanen tsibirin ke magana a Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, da New Caledonia. Nukuoro yana da alaƙa da Kapingamarangi, ɗayan yaren Polynesian da aka samu a Micronesia. Duk da yake harsunan biyu ba su da fahimtar juna, duk da haka yana yiwuwa ga mai magana da harshe ɗaya ya fahimci kansa ga mai magana na ɗayan tare da wasu matsaloli.

Amfani da harshe da rubutun kalmomi

Yawan jama'a

Harshen farko da ake magana a tsibirin Nukuoro shine Nukuoro . A shekara ta 1965 akwai kimanin masu magana 400. 260 daga cikin wadannan masu magana sun zauna a tsibirin, 125 sun zauna a Ponape, Cibiyar Gundumar, kuma wasu 'yan sun bazu a sauran tsibirai a cikin Gundumar (Carroll 1965). An kiyasta yawan jama'a na yanzu a kusan masu magana 1000.

Rubutun kalmomi

Cif Leka ne ya kirkiro tsarin rubuce-rubucen Nukuoro a cikin shekarun 1920, watakila tare da taimakon mazauna Turai ko mishaneri a Ponape. An san shi kuma ana amfani da shi a wasu nau'o'i ta kusan dukkanin masu magana da Nukuoro, kuma ya kasance ma'auni na ilimi tun lokacin da aka kirkireshi. Hanyar Nukuoro ta bambanta da sauran rubutun Polynesian a cikin wannan sautin da ba shi da murya //p t k/ / an rubuta shi ta amfani da haruffa b d g, wani zaɓi wanda mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa tashoshin Nukuoro marasa murya ba su da iska kamar tashoshin Turanci.

Fasahar sauti

Sautin sautin

Akwai halaye 5 na wasali a cikin Nukuoro: /a, e, i, o, u/ . Tsawon wasula ya bambanta, kuma ana wakiltar wasula masu tsawo ta hanyar rubuta alamar wasula sau biyu. Tsawon wasula kusan sau biyu ne kamar gajeren wasula, kuma ba a sake su ba. Ana yawan fahimtar /aː/ a matsayin [æ].

Monophthongs

	Takaitaccen		Tsawon Lokaci
	gaba	baya	gaba	baya
Kusa	i	u	iː	uː
Tsakanin	e	o	eː	oː
Bude	a		aː

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Akwai ƙwayoyin 10 a cikin Nukuoro, kowannensu ya bambanta da tsawon. Ana bayyana Ma'anar ma'anar jima'i kusan sau biyu kamar yadda ma'anar singleton, ban da tsayawa da taps: ana bayyana ma'aunin geminate tare da karuwar burin, kuma ana bayyana maɓallan geminate a matsayin dogon lokaci, wanda aka riga aka yi magana ko kuma tsayawar retroflex. Ana samun ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na jima'i da farko, kuma galibi ana kirkirar su ta hanyar sakewa.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

	Labari	Alveolar	Velar	Gishiri
Dakatar da	p pː	t tː	k kː
Fricative	v vː	s sː		h hː
Hanci	m mː	n nː	ŋː
Tap		ɾ ɾː

Kamar yawancin harsunan Polynesian, Nukuoro yana da tashoshi uku kawai a cikin kayan aikin sa: /p/, /t/, da /k/. Wadannan tsayawa ba su da numfashi kuma ana iya bayyana su daban-daban, amma ba su da murya. Kal Nukuor suna wakiltar waɗannan tsayawa marasa murya tare da b, d, g. An wakilci maɓallin alveolar /ɾ/ a cikin rubutun Nukuoro ta amfani da harafin l, kodayake rubuce-rubucen farko na Nukuoro (kuma a zahiri, rubutun sunan harshe kanta) suna amfani da r.

Tun da singleton /p/, /t/, /k/ an rubuta su da b, d, g, geminate /p/ , /t/ , /k/ ana rubuta su da p, t, k. Geminated /m/, /n/, /s/, /h/, /ɾ/ ana wakilta su da haruffa biyu (mm, nn, ss, h, ll), kuma an rubuta /ŋ/ a matsayin nng.

Tsarin sautin

Kalmomin suna ɗaukar siffofin V, VV, VVV, CV, CVV da CVVV. Dukkanin yiwuwar haɗuwa da V da VV suna faruwa. Dukkanin yiwuwar haɗuwa da CV suna faruwa sai dai /vu/. Mutumin farko na diphthong koyaushe shine mafi girman syllabic lokacin da aka jaddada syllable; a wasu wurare akwai ɗan bambanci tsakanin mambobi, mafi girman sauti yana faruwa a kan wasula mafi yawan sauti.

Harshen harshe

Maimaitawa

Reduplication yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa a Nukuoro. Reduplication ya fi dacewa da adjectives da verbs.

Akwai nau'o'i biyu na reduplication a cikin Nukuoro: phoneme reduplication, wanda ke ninka sauti na farko don yin geminate, da cikakken reduplication.

Phoneme reduplication yawanci ya bambanta tsakanin mutum ɗaya da jam'i.    Cikakken sake maimaitawa yana nuna cewa wani abu yana faruwa akai-akai.    

Tsarin sashi na asali

Tsarin kalma na asali a cikin Nukuoro shine Subject-Verb-Object, amma akwai kuma lokuta na Verb-Subject-Object.

Misali don jumla ta Nukuoro ta asali tare da misali:   Kalmomin gabaɗaya ba sa nuna wata yarjejeniya ko juyawa, kuma ba a yi wa sunayen alama ta hanyar yanayin ba. A tarihi, Nukuoro yana da daidaituwa ta Ergative-absolutive, tsarin da aka riƙe a cikin harsuna masu alaƙa da yawa.

Wakilan sunaye

Wakilan asali

Nukuoro ya bambanta mutum ɗaya, biyu, da jam'i, da kuma hada kai da kuma keɓance mu.

		na musamman	biyu	jam'i
Mutum na farko	na musamman	au	gidaau	gidaadeu
	hada da		gimaau	gimaadeu
Mutum na biyu		goe	gooluu	goodou
Mutum na uku		ia	gilaau	gilaadeu

Wakilan asali

Ana gina sunayen suna daga tsarin sunayen suna.

Ba a / o yana nuna alamar ba za a iya ba da izini: o yana nuna mallaka marar izini, kuma yana nuna alamar mallakar ba za a yi ba. Wasu sunayen suna ba su nuna bambancin a vs. o kuma ana amfani da su duka biyun.

		Halin da aka mallaka			Halin da aka mallaka da yawa
		na musamman	biyu	jam'i	na musamman	biyu	jam'i
Mutum na farko	na musamman	dagu/dogu	taau	taadeu	agu/ogu	adaau/odaau	adaadeu/odaadeu
	hada da		demaau	demaadeu		amaau/omaau	amaadeu/omaadeu
Mutum na biyu		dau/doo	dooluu	doodou	au/oo	ooluu	oodou
Mutum na uku		dana/dono	delaau	delaadeu	ana/ono	alaau/olaau	alaadeu/olaadeu

Alamun fasalin

Asalin, sabanin Yanayin, yana nuna "[tunanin] daban-daban na kallon mazabar lokaci na ciki na halin da ake ciki".[the]

Haɗari

Kayan aiki

Akwai ƙananan albarkatun da ke da alaƙa da yaren Nukuoro. Na farko kuma mai yiwuwa mafi yawan bayanai shine littafin Vern Carroll An Outline of the Structure of the Language of Nukuoro . Har ila yau akwai Nukuoro Lexicon wanda ke da Turanci zuwa Nukuoro da Nukuoro zuwa Turanci, da kuma bayanan harshe.

A cikin 2013, Gregory D.S. Anderson da K. David Harrison na Cibiyar Harsuna Masu Rayuwa don Harsuna masu Hadari sun kirkiro Nukuoro Talking Dictionary, ƙamus na dijital wanda ya haɗa da rikodin sauti na kalmomin Nukuoro. Wannan ƙamus da farko an cika shi da rikodin sauti daga masu magana da Nukuoro Johnny Rudolph, Maynard Henry, da Kurt Erwin. Wannan ƙamus yana ci gaba da haɓaka ta masu magana da masu ilimin harshe kuma ya haɗa da alamun sauti sama da 1000.

Rayuwa

An lissafa Nukuoro a matsayin harshen ci gaba. Ethnologue ya bayyana cewa wannan yana nufin ana amfani dashi sosai amma har yanzu bai yadu ba. Ana watsa shi ga yara, kuma ana amfani dashi a makarantu, gwamnati, da rayuwar yau da kullun. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na 2, an riga an yi ƙoƙari don taimakawa wajen adana yaren yayin da Amurka ta kafa makarantar firamare da aka koyar gaba ɗaya a Nukuoro. Yawan masu magana ya karu daga 400 zuwa 1000 tun 1965, wanda ke nuna ci gaba mai kyau.

Ƙarin karantawa

•  
• Drummond, Emily; Rudolph, Johnny; Harrison, K. David (2019). "A Nukuoro creation story". Pacific Asia Inquiry. 10 (1): 141–171.
•  
• Nukuoro languageaMasanin ilimin kabilanci (17th ed., 2013)
• Newton, D. "Figure of a divinity" (PDF). Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2025-02-24.
• "Nukuoro". Endangered Languages Project.
•  

Dubi kuma

• Harshen Kapingamarangi
• Yankin Polynesia
• Harsunan Polynesia
• Harshen Tokelauan