Harshen Numidian
| Harshen Numidian | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
nxm |
| Glottolog |
numi1241[1] |
Numidian / n ( j ) uː ˈmɪdiən / yare ne da ake magana da shi a tsohuwar Numidia . Rubutun da aka rubuta a cikinsa, haruffan Libyco-Berber (wanda Tifinagh ya sauko), an kusan tantance shi sosai kuma yawancin haruffa (ban da ƴan keɓantawa ga takamaiman wurare) suna da sanannun ƙima. An tabbatar da rubutun Libyco-Berber daga karni na 3 BC zuwa karni na 3 AD. Kamar yadda yawancin rubuce-rubucen da suka tsira sune stele na jana'izar tare da tsari mai sauƙi, kalmomi kaɗan ne kawai suka san ma'anoni. Za a iya gane harshen da gaba gaɗi kawai a matsayin na dangin Afroasiatic, ko da yake yana iya zama wani ɓangare na harsunan Berber, wanda ake magana da shi a farkon rabuwar harshen Proto-Berber, ko kuma yiwuwar reshen 'yar'uwa ga harsunan Berber na zamani.
Yaruka da alaƙa da wasu tsoffin harsuna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An san cewa akwai bambancin orthographic tsakanin yamma da gabashin harshen Numidian. Farawa a Kabylia, wanda wani nau'i ne na yanki mai gauraye, yankunan da ke gabas har zuwa gabas na Tunisiya na zamani da sassan yammacin Libya sun yi amfani da tsarin rubutun gabashin Libya, yayin da yankunan da suka yamma har zuwa kusan Kogin Moulouya a cikin Morocco na zamani sun yi magana da yaren Numidian na yamma kuma sun yi amfani le tsarin rubutun yammacin Libya mafi girma kuma har yanzu ba a san shi ba.[2] Yaren Gabashin-Numidian ya fi rinjayar Harshen Punic fiye da Yamma-Numidian, kuma Yamma-Núidian ana zaton ya fi tsufa fiye da Gabashin-Núidian.[3] Numidian ya fi rinjayar Punic sannan Latin, kodayake Numidian har ma da wasu kalmomin Berber na zamani suna da ɗan rinjayar Harsunan Palaeohispanic kuma mai yiwuwa ta wasu harsunan Pre-Indo-Turai.[4]
Sauran tsoffin harsunan Berber ko Berber
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba a san da yawa game da bambance-bambancen tsohon yaren Libyc ba saboda babu ɗayansu da aka fahimce su sosai, kuma a wajen wasu tafsirin gabas-Numdiya babu ko ɗaya daga cikin rubuce-rubucen Tsohon Libyc da aka fassara. Wataƙila yaren mutanen Mauri da ke makwabtaka da Marokko na zamani na iya zama yare na babban yaren Numidian, kodayake ba a sami tushe ko bincike a cikin harshen ba. Idan da Numidian yaren Berber ne to an san cewa ta wannan mataki ne har yanzu ba a gama gamawa da Proto-Berber zuwa harsuna daban-daban na Berber ba, don haka tsoffin harsunan Berber na lokacin sun yi kamanceceniya da juna, har ma fiye da na zamani. [5] A cikin kusan 500 BC ƙungiyoyin makiyaya daban-daban na Berber sun kutsa cikin Sahara daga arewa, daidai da yankin Gaetulians daga baya. Ko da yake yankin da waɗannan makiyayan ke zaune ba su da wani rubutu kuma don haka ba za a iya kwatanta su da Numidian ba, an san cewa Pliny the Elder ya kwatanta harshen Saharan Gaetulian mai kama da na Numidian, yana nuna cewa harshen Gaetulian na iya zama yare na Numidian. [6]
Ba a san da yawa game da yaren Numidian ba, har ma da ƙananan yarukan Berber ko Proto-Berber da yare a wannan lokacin, kodayake an san cewa alal misali yaren mutanen Berbers na Cyrenaica ya ƙunshi kalmomin lamuni na Girka da yawa a cewar Herodotus . [7] Har ila yau, ba a sani ba ko harshen daular Mauretania makwabciyarta a cikin kusan zamanin yau Maroko ya kafa wani yanki na harshen Numidian, ko kuma ya kasance wani harshe dabam da shi, kamar yadda har yanzu ba a yi wani babban yunƙuri na yanke shi ba, kuma babu wasu sanannun majiyoyi da suka bayyana shi.
Rabewa da sake ginawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar yadda Massylii, waɗanda ke magana da yaren, ƙabilar Berber ne, ana zaton cewa Numidian yaren Berber ne. Reshen Berber na Afro-Asiatic wani lokaci ana kiransa Libyco-Berber tunda ba tabbas ko Numidian zai fada cikin harsunan Berber na zamani ko kuma ya samar musu da reshen ’yar’uwa. Wasu na ganin cewa ta zama rukuni nata, domin babu wata alama ta tsarin suna da harsunan Berber na zamani suka raba. Duk da haka, ana tunanin Proto-Berber ba shi da wani nau'i na nahawu ko dai, wanda kuma zai nuna ƙarin ƙarin tsarin. Lybico-Berber tifinagh da haruffan Phoenician kasancewa abjads ba tare da wasula ba yana ƙara dagula lamarin.
Aiki kan rarrabuwar kawuna bai kasance mai yanke hukunci ba, kodayake musamman kwanan nan wasu sun yi ƙoƙarin sake gina kalmomi ta hanyar kwatanta rubutun Numidian zuwa proto da harsunan Berber na zamani. Yawancin rubutun da suka rage sune jana'iza, kuma suna bin tsarin " X wY " (X dan Y). BNS kuma sau da yawa kalmomi ne masu dawowa a cikin wannan rubutun, wanda watakila yana nufin "kabari". Kalmomi da yawa suna da H a ƙarshensu, waɗanda ba a san aikinsu ba. Wasu ƴan duwatsun kaburbura suna nuna wata kalma dabam tsakanin sunayen mutane guda biyu, waɗanda aka fassara a fili a matsayin kalmar dangi bisa kwatancen Berber: wlt “ɗiya (na)” ( Berber wəltma na zamani ma’ana “’yar’uwa” mai yiwuwa mahadi na “ɗiyar uwa”), kuma, da wuya, mt “mahaifiyar (na)” ( Azizani na zamani). Hakazalika da harsunan berber na zamani, ta-...-t circumfix na nufin sigar mata ta kalmar tare da shiru h ƙara zuwa ƙarshe. A cikin rubutun Dougga an ambaci wasu matsayi na siyasa, kamar "gld" (ubangiji) wanda ya dogara da wannan fasaha, ana iya fassara shi zuwa kalmar berber ta zamani "agellid" wadda ta samo asali daga kalmar proto-berber " *a-gəllid". An gano ƴan fi'ili babu shakka a cikin rubutun daban-daban. Kwatanta da Berber na zamani ya nuna cewa ṣkn, mai yiwuwa a karanta kamar "eṣ(ə) kn bisa kwatancen berber na zamani wanda ke nufin"gina" za a yi nazari a matsayin ṣk "gina" plus -n, alamar yarjejeniya ta 3pl (-ən). [8]
Misalin fassarar ta amfani da wannan hanyar ana iya nuna shi a wani ɓangaren rubutun Numidian wanda aka karanta a matsayin " Msnsn. gldt. w-gjj ." "Msnsn" shine sunan sarki Massinissa yayin da "gldt" shine kalmar sarki . A ƙarshe, "w-gjj" yana nufin "ɗan Gaia ". Don haka ta ƙoƙarin fassara rubutun Numidian ta hanyar zamani da proto-Berber rubutun zai karanta " Masinissa sarki, ɗan Gaia ". [9]
Har ila yau, Numidian ya fito da kuma raba mafi yawa ko duk abubuwan da aka gabatar da shi "n" (na) da "d" (da) tare da Berber na zamani, tare da prefixes iri-iri, kamar "ta...-t", "m-" da sauransu tare da Berber na zamani.
Wadannan hujjojin za su ba da shawarar sosai cewa Numidian reshe ne na harsunan Berber a yanzu, kodayake wasu masana ilimin harshe sun yi imanin cewa Numidian ba kakanni ba ne amma reshen 'yar'uwar da ba a taɓa gani ba ga harsunan Berber na zamani.
Idan fassarar "SBS" (asebbas) a cikin rubutun Thugga a matsayin "shekara" daidai ne to wannan yana nufin sigar Proto-Berber "ww" wanda ya samo asali zuwa "gg" ko "gʷ" a yawancin harsunan Berber na zamani shine "bb" ko "bʷ" a cikin Numidian. Ana samun wannan ne kawai a cikin yaren Zenaga na Mauritania da ƴan lokuta na Kabyl a zamanin yau. [10] Kamar yadda Zenaga ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin harsunan Berber na farko da ya rabu da ƙungiyar Proto-Berber kuma don haka har yanzu yana da halaye na da yawa, tare da amfani da Numidian wannan nau'i, na iya ba da shawarar cewa a cikin juyin halittar Berber harsuna "ww" ya juya zuwa "bʷ" sannan zuwa "gʷ". [11]
Kalmomin da aka gabatar, ƙididdiga, da ma'ana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayanan kula
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]^ Ma'ana ko dai "mai kyau" ko kuma "mai hutawa".
^ MSKSBN na iya kasancewa tare da "Masacesbenorum" wata kabila da aka ambata a wani rubutun a wasu wurare (watakila murya za ta kasance "Imeskesben"), ko kuma mai yiwuwa shine sunan mutum wanda ke ɗauke da taken GLDMṢK ("Meskesben"). Yanayin da ba a bayyana ba na taken GLDMṢK ya ƙara rikitar da ganowa. Ko GLDMṢK a matsayin taken ya shafi SLMDNKZ ko MSKSKBN yana da wuyar yanke shawara.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Numidian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Chaker, S. (2008-01-01). "Libyque : écriture et langue". Encyclopédie berbère (in Faransanci) (28–29): 4395–4409. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.344. ISSN 1015-7344. S2CID 161729616.
- ↑ Chaker, Salem (2002). "Variétés des usages libyques : variations chronologiques, géographiques et sociales". Antiquités africaines. 38 (1): 267–273. doi:10.3406/antaf.2002.1360.
- ↑ Iglesias, Hector (2011). "La parenté de la langue berbère et du basque: nouvelle approche". Archive ouverte HAL (in Faransanci). Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ↑ Blench, Roger. "Reconciling archaeological and linguistic evidence for Berber prehistory". Archived from the original on May 7, 2023. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ↑ "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK I.1, DEDICATION. 1 Lemaire informs us, in his title-page, that the two first books of the Natural History are edited by M. Alexandre, in his edition". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
- ↑ "Hérodote : livre IV : Melpomène (bilingue)". remacle.org. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
- ↑ "Libyco-Berber". mnamon.sns.it (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-02-12.
- ↑ "Libyan' Inscriptions in Numidia and Mauretania". World History Encyclopedia (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-02-12.
- ↑ "porta". Diccionari Amazic-Català (in Kataloniyanci). Retrieved 2024-05-25.
- ↑ "Libyco-Berber". mnamon.sns.it (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-06-24.