Harshen Oroha

Harshen Oroha
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) ; Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Harsunan Malay-Polynesian na Tsakiya da Gabas; Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Oceanic (en) ; Central–Eastern Oceanic (en) ; Southeast Solomonic (en) ; Malaita-Makira (en) ; Malaita (en) ; Harshen Oroha; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	ora
Glottolog	oroh1237

Oroha, wanda aka rarraba a matsayin Harshen Austronesian, yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna da yawa da mutanen Melanesia ke magana a Tsibirin Solomon. Har ila yau an san shi da Maramasike (bayan Maramasike Passage wanda ya raba manyan tsibirai biyu na Lardin Malaita, inda masike ke nufin 'ƙaramin'), Mara Ma-Siki (a zahiri "Little Mala / Mara" [ga 'Tolo' mutanen da ba su da sauti [l] a cikin yarensu], bayan yankin), Oraha, da Oloha, kuma ana amfani da shi da farko a kudancin tsibirin Malaita a cikin Lardin Mala. Little Mala ya ƙunshi harsuna uku na 'yan asalin mutanen 'Tolo' waɗanda sune Na'oni, Pau, da Oroha. Dukansu sun ɗan bambanta, duk da haka sun fito ne daga asalin ɗaya. Ana iya tunanin harsuna uku a matsayin yare daban-daban na yare ɗaya. Garuruwan Tolo guda uku yanzu suna da makarantu a ƙarƙashin Ofishin Jakadancin Melanesian . ^[2] mutane 38 da har yanzu ke amfani da harshen Oroha a yau. Oroha yare ne na asali, mai haɗari, kuma matsayinsa na yanzu yana canzawa, ma'ana cewa al'ummar masu magana suna cikin aiwatar da magana daban, zuwa harshen Sa'a, wani yare na asali na Tsibirin Solomon. Yawancin masu magana da Oroha sun riga sun san yadda ake karanta Sa'a; sabili da haka, yana da sauƙin canzawa zuwa amfani da wannan harshe. Idan aka kwatanta Sa'a da yaren Oroha, mutum na iya ganin asalin su. Misali, [d] a cikin harshen Sa'a ya dace da [s] ko, mafi yawanci, ga [t] a cikin Oroha.^[2]

Mutanen Oroha sun zo ne daga tashar raba a Mala zuwa gidansu na yanzu. Yawancin masu magana da harshen Oroha sun yi imani da Kiristanci.^[2]

Fasahar sauti

Fonoems

Harshen Oroha ya ƙunshi ƙamus goma da wasula biyar da aka gabatar a ƙasa.^[2]

Ma'anar Ma'anar
	Labari	Dental	Velar	Gishiri
Hanci	m	n
Plosive	p	t	k
Fricative	f	s		h
Ruwa		r
Glide	w

Sautin sautin
	A gaba	Tsakanin	Komawa
Babba	i		u
Tsakanin	e		o
Ƙananan		a

Sautin suna da tsawo da gajeren juzu'i. Sau biyu sautin yana tsawaita sauti. A <'> yana nuna cirewa na consonant, yawanci [k] ko [t] yawanci ana cire su. Ba a mirgine [r] ba. Oraha ba ta da hanci na velar [ŋ]; ana amfani da hanci [n] a maimakon haka.

Ana iya rubuta kalmomi a wasu lokuta daban-daban, yana nuna ɗan bambancin furcin. Misali, don 'tafi, zo', an rubuta ra da ra.^[2]

Diphthongs

Kalmomin a cikin Oroha sune ae, ai, ao, au, ei, da ou.^[2]

Tsarin sautin

Oroha ya ƙunshi kawai sassan buɗewa. Babu sassan da aka rufe.^[2]

Maimaitawa

Ana iya sake maimaita kalmomi zuwa ƙarfin ma'anar kalmomi. Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyoyi uku:

maimaita syllable na farko; suri zuwa susurimurmushi
maimaita dukan kalmar; horo zuwa horohoro
maimaita kalmar gaba ɗaya tare da watsar da ma'anar ciki a cikin tsohon memba. Raki zuwa rairahi

Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi don samar da kalmomi da yawa. Misali, Kawai yana nufin yaro yayin da meramera ke nufin yara.^[2]

Yanayin Yanayi

Gabatarwa

Adjective Prefixes

Prefixes da ke Baba- da wasu adjectives sun hada da Ma-, ta'i--, take-, Tara-, da tata- .^[2]

Kalmomin Gabatarwa

Akwai prefixes masu haifar da juna waɗanda aka kara a farkon aikatau. Gabatarwa mai hai da shi shine ha'a, yayin da prefix na ma'ana shine hai kuma yana iya nuna canji ko ƙari lokacin da aka kara adverb or'u. Akwai 'yan kalilan da za a iya gabatar da su ga sunaye da adjectives.

Yawanci

mo da mo suna gaba da sunaye don nuna yawa. Misali, mo hanua iwera na iya nufin ko dai 'ƙasa da yawa' ko 'mutane da yawa'. ^[2]

Suffixes

Sunan suna

Ana iya haɗa sunayen suna zuwa wasu kalmomi don ƙarawa ko canza ma'anar kalma. Ana amfani da wannan galibi don nuna mallaka na wani abu tare da suna. Misali, maa 'ido' za a iya haɗa shi da mutum na farko mai suna -ku don ƙirƙirar maaku 'idoyata'. ^[2]

A wasu lokuta, ana iya ƙara sunayen suna a matsayin ƙayyadaddun kalmomi ko gabatarwa don ambaton abin da ke cikin jumla.^[2]

Adjective Suffixes

Ƙarshen -ʻa da --ta'a an sanya su a bayan wasu adjectives.^[2]

Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su

Za'a iya haɗa suffixes a ƙarshen aikatau don nuna jinsi. Akwai nau'o'i biyu na ƙayyadaddun da za'a iya ƙarawa ga aikatau. Na farko shi i wanda zai iya tsayawa da kansa ko tare da ma'anar da aka kara a gabansa. Hanyar ta biyu ita ce ƙarewar a'i wanda aka haɗa shi da sunaye don yin kalmomi a cikin aikatau.

Rubuce-rubuce

Umurnin Magana

Tsarin kalma don tsarin jumla na Oroha yawanci Subject, Verb, Object (SVO).

Adjectives sukan faru ne bayan sunan.

Ana sanya ƙwayoyin kalma a gaban aikatau.

Misali na jumla:

Kalmomin Kalmomi

Sunaye

Ana iya rarraba sunaye zuwa saiti biyu: (1) sunayen magana da (2) sunayen masu zaman kansu.

Ana samar da sunayen magana yayin ƙara -na, -ta, -ra, -raa, '-h', ko -h zuwa ƙarshen tushen aikatau. Misali, mae 'don mutuwa' za a iya amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar nau'in Maena 'mutuwa'. Hakanan ana iya amfani da wannan tsari na derivational ga adjectives, kamar a cikin 'Siena' 'mai kyau' da sienina 'mai kyau'.

Ana kirkirar sunaye masu zaman kansu ta amfani da na, wanda aka kara a bayan sunan don ko dai nuna wani nau'in dangantaka ko don canza lambobin cardinal zuwa na ordinal (duba Tebur na Lamba a kasan shafin). ^[2]

Kalmomin

Kalmomin suna nuna wani aiki. Harshen Oroha yana da wani abu da aka sani da ƙwayoyin magana. Ana amfani da waɗannan barbashi a matsayin prefixes tare da ainihin aikatau don ƙirƙirar kalmomi. Ana iya amfani da barbashi ko, koi, ka, ke, da ka'i.^[2]

Adjectives

Masu gyara suna bin sunan su. Ana iya amfani da adjectives na musamman don kwatanta abubuwa. Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa su tare da prepositions ko adverbs don nuna wannan kwatancin. Misali, riutaa', in exccess' yana nuna kwatanci tsakanin abubuwa biyu ko fiye.^[2]

Adverbs

Akwai nau'o'i huɗu na adverbs:

Yanayin
hanyar da ake amfani da ita
lokaci
wuri ^[2]

Lambobin

Adadin	Lambobin al'ada	Lambobin yau da kullun
1	ʻeta	ʻetana
2	rua	ruana
3	ʻooru	ʻooruna
4	hai	haina
5	nima	nimana
6	ʻoono	ʻoonona
7	hiu	hiuna
8	waru	waruna
9	siwa	siwana
10	tanaharu	tanaharuʻana

Lambobin yau da kullun sun zo kafin sunan lokacin da ake kwatanta yawan wani abu.^[2]

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Oroha". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 ^2.16 ^2.17 Ivens, W. G. (1927). "A Study of the Oroha Language, Mala, Solomon Islands". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 4 (3): 587–610. ISSN 1356-1898. JSTOR 606957. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "AAA" defined multiple times with different content

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Oroha". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[AAA-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 ^2.16 ^2.17 Ivens, W. G. (1927). "A Study of the Oroha Language, Mala, Solomon Islands". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 4 (3): 587–610. ISSN 1356-1898. JSTOR 606957. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "AAA" defined multiple times with different content

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