Harshen Panare

Harshen Panare
E’ñapa Woromaipu
'Yan asalin magana	3,500 (2001)
Dangin harshen	abu object (en) information content entity (en) language entity (en) languoid (en) language (en) human language (en) indigenous language (en) Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) indigenous languages of South America (en) Cariban (en) Harshen Panare
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	pbh
Glottolog	enap1235

Panare yare ne na Caribbean, wanda Panare ke magana, wanda ya kai 3,000-4,000 kuma yana zaune a Jihar Bolivar a tsakiyar Venezuela. Babban yankin su shine Kudancin garin Caicara del Orinoco, kudu da Kogin Orinoco . Akwai ƙananan yaruka da yawa na yaren. Sunan mai cin gashin kansa ga mutane shine e'ñapá, wanda ke da ma'ana daban-daban dangane da mahallin, gami da 'mutane', 'mutane' da 'mutani'. Kalmar yaren ita ce Eʼñapa Woromaipu . Kalmar "Panare" kanta kalma ce ta Tupí wacce ke nufin "aboki." Yana da ban mamaki a samun abu-kalma- wakili a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan umarnin kalmominsa, ɗayan kuma shine mafi yawan maganganun- wakili-abu. Har ila yau, yana nuna nau'ikan da ba a saba gani ba na daidaitattun ergative-absolutive a cikin al'amuran da ba cikakke ba da kuma daidaitattun zargi a cikin cikakkiyar al'amari.

Rarraba

Panare memba ne na dangin yaren Cariban, kodayake karamin rukuni a cikin iyali lamari ne na jayayya. Shekaru da yawa na yunkurin rarrabuwa sun ki amincewa da masana harsuna; Terrence Kaufman (1994) ya gabatar da rarrabawar daidaituwa na duk membobin iyalin Cariban da aka gabatar. Wannan rukuni, har yanzu masana harsuna suna amfani da shi, ya rarraba Panare a matsayin memba na reshen Kudancin Amazon, ba tare da harsunan dan uwan ba.

Koyaya, Spike Gildea ya soki wannan rukuni kamar yadda ya dogara da bayanan da ba su dace ba da aka yi amfani da su don rarrabuwa ta baya ta Durbin da Loukotka waɗanda aka ƙi tun daga wannan dalili. A cikin 2012, Gildea ya gabatar da nasa rarrabuwa, wanda ya haɗa Panare a matsayin memba na reshen Venezuelan Carib, kuma bi da bi, wani ɓangare na reshen Pemóng-Panare mai ƙarancin matakin. Wannan rarrabuwa an dauke shi da ci gaba daga masana harsuna kamar Lyle Campbell da Doris & Thomas Payne, amma har yanzu bai maye gurbin ƙungiyar Kaufman ba, galibi saboda ƙuruciyar dangi. [sabuntawa da buƙatu]

Rarraba

Masu magana da Panare (wanda ake kira E'ñepa (lit. "mutane") a cikin yarensu) suna zaune a Bolívar, Venezuela, yammacin kwarin Cuchivero na Kogin Orinoco . Har zuwa karni na 21, Panare ba su da wata hulɗa da mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba (waɗanda kaɗan ne masu bincike da masanan ilimin ɗan adam). Koyaya, haɓaka hulɗa tare da Venezuelan ya haifar da yaduwar Harsuna biyu tare da Mutanen Espanya.

Fasahar sauti

Panare ya ƙunshi kusan 14 bambance-bambance consonant phonemes, tare da bambancin dangane da yare da asalin wasu lexical abubuwa (duba: Bayanan kula).

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

	Labari	Alveolar	Alveo- baki	Velar	Gishiri
Hanci	m	n	ɲ	(ŋ)
Plosive	p	t	t͡ɕ	k	ʔ
Fricative		s			h
Glide	w		j
Flap		ɾ

Bayani

/n/ = [ŋ]/_#, _C[-alveolar]/[n] a wasu wurare; /ɲ/ yana da matsayi na sauti a cikin kalmomin aro daga Mutanen Espanya, kuma yana da allophone a cikin kalmomin asali; Payne & Payne (2013) la'akari da /ʔ/ da /h/ don zama allophones daban-daban na "kimanin pharyngeal," wanda ke fitowa daban-daban dangane da muhalli. Har ila yau, akwai rubuce-rubuce na waɗannan wayoyi guda biyu da ke faruwa a cikin bambancin kyauta, wanda za'a iya danganta shi da yarukan da aka haɗu da su a cikin al'ummomin masu magana da bambance-bambance na idiolectical.

Yanayin Yanayi

Panare ya fi dacewa a matsayin harshe mai nauyi wanda ke kusa da polysynthesis. Yawancin morphemes dinsa za a iya gano su a sarari ta hanyar Tushen da ke warewa a cikin matakai na juyawa, kuma juyawa ta hanyar adadi mai yawa yawanci haske ne. Kalmomi na iya girma da tsawo da rikitarwa, amma yawanci ana iya samo asali ne daga ra'ayi ɗaya, maimakon wani abu mai kama da jumla.

Rubuce-rubuce

Tsarin jumla na Panare ba ya bin tsari mai tsauri, amma mai sassauci. A mafi yawan karatu, an rarraba shi azaman harshe na farko. Koyaya, an san batun-abu-kalma da batun-kalma-abu don bayyana akai-akai. Irin wannan "halayyar farko" ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Amazonia, inda tsarin jumla sau da yawa ana shirya shi ta hanyar nau'in ginin sashi fiye da tsari na kalma. A sakamakon haka, Panare da harsunan makwabta galibi suna amfani da alamun shari'a a matsayin hanyar tsara yadda abubuwan da ke cikin jumla ke shafar juna.