Harshen Pendau

Harshen Pendau
bahasa Ndaoe
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) Malayo-Polynesian (en) Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian (en) Sulawesi (en) Tomini–Tolitoli (en) Harshen Pendau
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	ums
Glottolog	pend1242

Pendau (Ndaoe, Ndau), ko Umalasa, yare ne na mutanan Celebic na Sulawesi a kasar Indonesia wanda kusan mutane 4000 na Pendau da ke zaune a Tsakiyar Sulawesi ke magana da shie . An rarraba shi a matsayin harshen da ke cikin haɗari facewa ana magana da Pendau da farko a cikin ƙauyukan Pendau yayin da ake amfani da Indonesian don yin magana da al'ummomin makwabta kuma shine harshen ilimin yara da jami'an waje. Mafi yawan masu magana suna cikin Kecamatan Balaesang da kewayenta. Babu sanannun yaruka a cikin yankin Pendau, kodayake masu magana daga yankin na iya gano ko mai magana ya fito ne daga yankin Balaesang ta hanyar 'rhythm' ko tsarin sauti. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wasu shugabannin Pendau sun yi aiki tare da kananan hukumomi don adana yarensu tare da Indonesian.

Tarihi

Duk da yake an rubuta tarihin Pendau ne kawai kwanan nan, an tattara tarihi ta hanyar al'adun gargajiya da al'adun baki, takardun tarihi da masu bincike Turai suka adana, ci gaban yaren Pendau, da halin da ake ciki na yanzu na Pendau. Ya bambanta da kungiyoyin makwabta, tsofaffin mutanen Pendau suna riƙe da cewa Pendau ba su taɓa samun sarki ba kuma suna kallon kansu ba tare da bambancin aji ba, kodayake matsayi na matsayi ya wanzu a cikin yanke shawara da warware rikice-rikice. Takardar farko game da Pendau ta fito ne daga shekara ta 1795, lokacin da aka sami ma'aikatan Amurka karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin David Woodward a bakin tekun yammacin Sulawesi. Tsakanin 1925-1935, masu koyar da bisharar Indonesiya sun fara zuwa, kuma yawancin Pendau a yau gwamnati ce ta yi rajista a matsayin Kiristoci kuma suna yin Kiristanci (ko da yake har yanzu ana yin siffofi da yawa na animism). A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Jafananci sun mamaye Indonesia. Wasu Pendau har yanzu suna karanta kalmomin Jafananci da waƙoƙi, kodayake akwai ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa game da aikin da aka bayyana a matsayin lokaci mai wahala ga mutane da yawa da suka tuna da shi. A cikin tarihin kwanan nan, yawancin Pendau sun yi rayuwa a cikin aikin karafa, noma, farauta, kamun kifi, da Yin sago.

Yankin da aka rarraba

Pendau sau da yawa suna zaune a cikin ƙananan al'ummomi masu zaman kansu a Donggala tsakanin Balaesang da Dampal Utara. Yankin Balaesang ya samar da nasa tsaunuka da ke gudana a arewa da kudu, yana raba gabas da yammacin gabar teku. Yawancin Pendau suna zaune a bakin tekun yamma. Gundumar Sirenja an dauke ta iyakar kudancin yankin Pendau.

Fasahar sauti

Sautin sautin

Pendau yana da sautuna biyar: sautuna biyu na gaba, /i/ da /e/, sautuna ɗaya na tsakiya /a/, da sautunan biyu na baya, /ɯ/ (orthographic) da /o/. Yawancin wasula ba a zagaye ba ba kuma /o/ shine kawai wasula mai zagaye a cikin Pendau. Pendau ba shi da diphthongs.

	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Babba	i		An tsara shi ne⟨u⟩
Tsakanin	e		o
Ƙananan		a

Tsarin W-glide

Sautin da ba a zagaye ba (/u/) ya canza zuwa saurin labial-velar (/w/) lokacin da ya zo gaban syllable ba tare da ma'ana a matsayin farawa ba. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, saurin labial-velar yana ɗaukar wurin sautin farawa, yana rage yawan kalmomin da za su zama syllabs.

Misalan samar da w-glide

Sautin zuwa Canjin Sautin da Rage Sautin	Rubutun sauti	Fassarar Turanci
u.a.ni → wa.ni	[wan̪i]	'Zuma ta zuma'
ta.u.a.san → ta.wa.san	[t̪aws̪an]	'kifi mai banƙyama'

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Pendau yana da sautin sautin 19, kodayake (wanda ba sautin sa ba ne) ya bayyana a cikin rubutun sa. Akwai wurare biyar masu banbanci na magana da kuma hanyoyi shida masu banbancin magana. Akwai africates guda biyu a cikin Pendau, da murya mai suna sibilant africate (/t̪ʃ/) da murya alveolar sibilant affricate (/dʒ/).

	Labari	Alveolar hakora	Alveo-Palatal	Velar	Gishiri
Hanci	m	n̪ Sinanci⟨n⟩	Sunan da aka yi⟨ny⟩	Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi⟨ng⟩
Plosive	p	T T T TTTTT⟨t⟩	Sashen⟨c⟩	k	Sunan da ake ciki⟨'⟩
	b	d	Ya shafi na gaba⟨j⟩	ɡ
Fricative	Sashen⟨v⟩	s̪ Sashen⟨s⟩			h
Ruwa		Sunan haka⟨l⟩
Trill		R.⟨r⟩
Semivowel	(w)			Ya zama haka⟨y⟩

Allophones

A cikin matsayi na ƙarshe, ana furta maganganu marasa murya a matsayin maganganun da ba a sake shi ba: misali [p] a cikin [api] ya zama a cikin. Sauran allophones a cikin Pendau sun haɗa da muryar hanci [n̪] wanda ya zama syllabic dental [n̩] da muryar velar nasal [ŋ] wanda ya kasance syllabic velar nasel [ŋ̩] a gaban wani homorganic shingen kamar a cikin [n̩dau] da kuma a cikin [ŋ̩ka:t̪і].

Misalan Allophones

/p/ da /p/
api	[api]	'wuta'
alap	[aɭap̚]	'sake'
/t̪/ da /t̪[[
tinting	[t̪int̪iŋ]	'lokaci'
udut	[udut̪̚]	'mai hidima'
/k/ da /kń/
kareva	[kareβa]	'Labarai'
tanduk	[t̪anduk̚]	'ƙaho'
/n̪/ da /n̩/
nabo	[n̪aboʔ]	'rufin'
ndau	[n̩dau]	'a'a'
/ŋ/ da /ŋ̩/
nyaa	[ŋa:]	'Ba'a'
ngkaat	[ŋ̩ka:t̪̚]	'ƙaramin harshen wuta'

Muryar murya

The glottal stop (/ʔ/) is sometimes realized as creaky voice. It has been observed that "in place of a true stop, a very compressed form of creaky voice or some less extreme form of stiff phonation may be superimposed on the vocalic stream." The creaky voice manifests on one or more of the contiguous vowels where the glottal stop would have been. For example, creaky voice is written with [V̰] in [riV̰uo], where creaky voice appears between [i] and [o] as one vowel transitions into the next vowel.