Harshen Pingelapese
| Harshen Pingelapese | |
|---|---|
| lokaehiah Pingelap | |
| |
| Baƙaƙen boko | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
pif |
| Glottolog |
ping1243[1] |
Harshen Pingelap yare ne na Micronesia na asali a Pingelap, wani tsibirin na jihar Pohnpei a cikin Tarayyan Micronesia . Wannan tsibirin shine asalin mutanen Pingelapese, wanda ya kunshi kewayon kilomita uku na ƙananan tsibirai marasa mazauna, Daekae da Sukora, da tsibirin da aka zauna, Pingelap. Wadannan tsibirai sun hada da Tsibirin Caroline.
Saboda bala'o'i da ƙaura sakamakon tasirin Turai da Amurka, yawan mutanen yankin na mutanen Pingelapese kaɗan ne. Akwai akalla mutane 2,000 na Pingelapese a duk duniya.
Kodayake harshen hukuma na Jihar Pohnpei shine Turanci, 200 daga cikin mazauna tsibirin Pingelap 250 da mazauna Pohnpei 1,200 suna magana da Pingelapese. Ana amfani da harshen Pingelapese don sadarwa fuska da fuska tsakanin masu magana da kowane zamani. An rarraba shi azaman harshe mai ƙarfi. Tare da taimakon masana harsuna kamar Leilani Welley-Biza da ke raba ilimi daga dattawa, an rubuta muhimman al'adu / tarihi na al'adun Pingelapese sosai kuma an kiyaye su, [1] don a ba da su tsakanin tsararraki. Doahkaesa da Sarkin Pingelap, Mai Girma Dokta Berysin D. Salomon, da shugabannin gargajiya da Mai Girma ya zaɓa, ta hanyar al'adar al'ada ta Pingelapese, suna ƙoƙari su kula da harshen gargajiya da al'adun al'adu / tarihi na mutanen Pingelap.
Iyali da asalinsa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Pingelapese memba ne na Micronesian na dangin yaren Austronesian . Yana da alaƙa da wasu harsuna a cikin reshen Chuukic-Pohnpeic, yana raba 83% kwatankwacin ƙamus tare da Mokilese kuma yana raba 79% kwatankwaci na ƙamus tare le Pohnpeian. Kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata, mutanen Austronesian sun yi tafiya zuwa gabas daga Taiwan, kuma daga ƙarshe sun isa Micronesia kimanin shekaru 3,000 bayan haka. Morton et al. sun kiyasta cewa Mutanen Micronesia sun zauna a Pingelap na tsawon shekaru 1,000, kusan shekaru 800 kafin a yi rikodin duk wani hulɗa na Turai.
Shahararrun tatsuniyoyin Pohnpeian da suka wuce a tarihin baki sun haifar da rikici mara iyaka game da asalin mutanen Pingelapese, ko kowane tsibirin Pohnpei na waje don wannan al'amari, yana ba da shawarar yiwuwar asalin mutanen Kosrae a cikin Tarihin Nahwehlap, ko kuma kakanninmu daban-daban da ake da'awar suna da alaƙa da mutanen Yap a cikin Tarihi na Yap. Labarin Yap ya bayyana gano tsibirin Pikelap, wanda yanzu aka sani a duk duniya da tsibirin Pingelap, ta 'yan uwan Yapese guda biyu waɗanda suka tashi daga Yap don neman sabuwar rayuwa bayan gabar Yap kamar yadda ya saba da yawancin al'adun tsibirin tsibirin da halittu na almara ko rabin allah wanda, bayan an fitar da shi daga cikin mahaifar mahaifiyarsa, ya tashi da ƙarfi kuma ya gudu, ya tsallake shi da jariri da ƙuruciya, kuma nan da nan ya zama mutum. A cewar tarihin gargajiya na Pingelapese, 'Aewa shine kalmar Pikelapese don Sarki yayin da Doahkaesa shine kalmar Kosraean don Sarki.
A cikin tarihin gargajiya na Pingelapese, wanda Nahno na Pingelab ya yi a baya - taken gargajiya da Ouwa na farko ya ba shi wanda manufarsa ɗaya ita ce ta ci gaba da tarihin baki na Pingelaapese kuma ta ba da tarihin baki ya gargajiya ga Ouwa da zuriyarsa kamar yadda dokar gargajiya ta Pingelapse ta ba da umarni, ya bayyana asalin asalin Pingelap ga mutanen Yap da kuma gano Pikelap da waɗannan 'yan uwan Yapese biyu suka yi. An ce ɗan'uwan ya koma Kosrae don ya auri wata mace ta Kosraean wacce ya sadu da ita kuma ya ƙaunace ta kafin tafiyarsu da gano tsibirin Pikelap. Har ila yau, ya bayyana lokacin da zuriyar Kosrae suka zama mazauna yankin Pingelap wanda ya haɗa tasirin su da mulkin su a kan mutanen Pingelap abin da ya haifar da hadewar kamanceceniyar harshe tsakanin tsibirai biyu. Ya bayyana tarihin tsakanin Pingelap da Pohnpei ta hanyar cin nasarar Nan Madol da haɗin kai da kamanceceniyar harshe tsakanin tsibirai biyu. Har ila yau, ya bayyana cewa yayin da yake tafiya zuwa Pohnpei don cin nasarar Nan Madol, sanannen jarumi mai suna Isoah Kaelaekael, ko kuma wanda Mutanen Pohnpei suka sani da Iskelkel, ya sadu da maƙwabtansu masu hamayya, mutanen Mwoakilloa, don tara mayaƙa don yin yaƙi a cin nasarar Nan madol wanda ya haifar da daukar wani irin wannan mayaƙin Mwokillese mai suna "Nahnparadak" wanda yanzu ake kira Pohnpei wanda aka girmama shi ne kawai a cikin Pohnke's Pohnckleck. A tarihi, Pingelapese sunayen 'ya'yansu bisa ga fasalin na musamman ko iyawa ko makoma a lokacin haihuwa. Misali, an kira Doahkaesa Iengiringir Iengiringiri saboda yana da manyan ƙafafun da ke sa filin ya girgiza duk lokacin da ya yi tafiya. Iengiringir an fassara shi cikin harshen Ingilishi a matsayin "rumble ko tremble" dangane da ƙananan rumble na raƙuman teku da ke fadowa a sararin samaniya.
Kodayake yawancin mutanen tsibirin Pohnpeian da Kosraean na iya rashin jituwa da tarihin gargajiya na Pingelap, wata hanyar gano asalin mutum inda babu wata hujja da za ta iya tallafawa kowane ka'idar asali shine duba cikin harshen ƙungiyar (s) na mutanen da ake tambaya. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa harshen Pohnpeian na yanzu shine babban yaren babban tsibirin da tsibirai na waje. Har zuwa wane irin ba a san shi ba saboda mutane da yawa har yanzu suna jayayya a yau duk da yunkurin da masu bincike na kasashen waje suka yi wadanda ke binciken asalin harshe a cikin yankuna da ba su da mashahuriyar tarihi, al'adu, da al'adun gargajiya da kuma harshen tsibirin da ake tambaya don farawa. Misali, kalmar Pohnpeian maing an ɗauke ta ne daga kalmar Jamusanci mein a lokacin da Jamusanci ta mamaye Pohnpei . An fassara shi ba tare da izini ba, Maing a cikin ƙamus na Turanci shine Sir / Madam . Mutanen Pohnpei sun haɗa kalmar Jamusanci mein a cikin yarensu kuma sun yi amfani da ita, musamman, ga mutumin da ke da babban al'ada ko matsayi na siyasa ko mai girmamawa. A wannan zamanin, Jamusawa sun ɗauki al'adar gargajiya ta Pohnpeian na samun babban shugaba ko sarki na tsibirin kuma sun raba tsibirin zuwa kananan hukumomi 5 kuma sun kafa sarakuna 5 ga kowane yanki na iyaka, wanda yayi kama da Masarautar Belgium ta Markies / Marquis a Belgium, Jamus. Pohnpeian ya haɗa kalmar Jamusanci kuma ya sanya ta nasu kuma a yau yana kiran kowane shugaban ƙauyen Nahnmwarki. A zamanin Jafananci, Jafananci sun gabatar da wutar lantarki ga tsibirin kuma sun kira shi ta amfani da kalmar Jafananci denki . Jafananci sun yi ƙoƙari su koya wa mazauna yankin abin da wutar lantarki yake yayin amfani da harshen Jafananci, kuma mazauna yankin sun yi kuskuren ma'anar kalmar Jafananci denki a matsayin fitila mai haske. A sakamakon haka, kalmar Pohnpeian don "fitila mai haske" ita ce "denki". Kafin zamanin Nahnmwarkis 5 na babban tsibirin Pohnpei, akwai Sarki daya kawai na sabon nasarar Pohnpei da aka ci, kuma kafin wannan Daular Saudeleur.
An san mutanen Pohnpei da sunan wani wuri don gano abinci ko wani abu gaba ɗaya baƙo ga tsibirin, ko kuma wani yanki da ke nufin ƙasar asalin mutumin kafin su zauna a Pohnpei. Don misalin wani abu na kasashen waje: babban tukunya mai kauri ana kiranta kwatilain a Pohnpeian. A cewar tarihin baki na Pohnpeian, an gabatar da waɗannan tukwane masu girma fiye da na al'ada ga Pohnpeuan daga ma'aikatan soja waɗanda suka zo daga ofishin soja a Kwajalein a lokacin da Amurka ta mamaye Micronesia bayan Yaƙin Duniya na 2 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin an haɗa su cikin harshen Pohnpean don bayyana tukunyar ƙarfe mafi girma da aka samu a kusan yawancin kicin iyalin Pohnpeyan ko gidajen dafa abinci na gida. Don misalin abinci na kasashen waje: Pohnpeian ya ba da sunayen 'ya'yan itatuwa da sauran abinci daga inda suka fito - Uht a Ruhk, Karer a Kusai, Sakau en Kusai، Uht en Pihsih, Mei a Sahmwoa, Uht en Iap, Mengat en Seipahn, oh Uht en Menihle an fassara shi cikin Turanci zuwa Banana daga Chuuk, Lime daga Kosrae, Sakau (Kava) daga Kosanarae, Banana daga Fiji, Manada daga Safru, da Banana daga Manila. Ga misalin sake sunan yankin da mazaunin ya fito daga: A Pohnpei, akwai al'umma ɗaya kawai a cikin wata karamar hukuma wacce kuma, abin mamaki, ake kira Saekaraekapw. Saekaraekapw na ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyuka huɗu a Pingelap . A cikin tarihin gargajiya na Pingelapese, Saelaepas, wanda sanannen jarumi ne a nasarar Nan Madol, ɗan asalin Saekaraekapw ne. Ana samun wannan al'umma a Madolenihmw, wanda aka fi zaton babban birni ne na mai mulkin Pohnpei wanda ke zaune a Nan Madol, Saudeleur. A yau, an ba wa jagoran gargajiya na wannan al'umma taken gargajiya na Pohnpeian da ake kira "Selepat".
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da dimokuradiyya a cikin yankunan Micronesia, an haɗa mutanen Pingelapese tare da sauran tsibirai na waje na Pohnpei don ƙirƙirar Jihar siyasa ta Pohnpei. Sauran tasirin al'adu suna bayyane a tarihin Pingelapese. An nuna zamanin Mutanen Espanya a cikin rawa na Pingelapese da ake kira "Din Dihn" wanda aka fassara shi cikin Turanci zuwa "Tin Tin". Waƙar tana nuna gabatarwar kayan kasashen waje masu ɗorewa da Mutanen Espanya ke kira tin. Bayan Mutanen Espanya sun kasance Jafananci, kuma dangantakar da aka kirkira tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu har yanzu tana bayyane a shafukan yakin duniya na biyu a kudancin Pingelap.
Tasirin kasashen waje ya canza kwanciyar hankali na al'ummar Pingelapese, yana ƙarfafa 'yan asalin su bar ƙasarsu kuma su koma wasu yankuna masu yawan jama'a ko zuwa Amurka (yana ƙarfafa ƙaura a ƙarƙashin kwangila a cikin Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia don yin aiki da karatu a wasu wurare, ko shiga cikin sojojin Amurka don ingantaccen yanayin rayuwa). Ƙarin damar kuɗi ga mutanen Pingelapese, yana nufin ba da fifiko ga ilimin harsunan waje fiye da yarensu na asali.
Guguwa sau da yawa sun lalata yawan mutanen Pingelapese. A sakamakon yawan mutanen Pingelapese da ke raguwa zuwa 'yan kalilan da suka tsira daga guguwa, inbreeding ya faru tsakanin tsararraki masu yawa na Pingelapeso, kuma cututtukan kwayar halitta kamar achromatopsia (makantar launi) yanzu suna shafar kusan 1 a cikin kowane zuriyar Pingelapsey 20.
Tare da gabatar da Kiristanci da Ikilisiya, al'ummar Pingelapese sun yarda da rawar da cocin ke takawa, wanda ke da karfi kuma ya zama wani bangare na salon rayuwar Pingelapsey tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a karni na 19. Ana ɗaukar Kirsimeti a matsayin babban taron shekara-shekara.
Canjin sauti na tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Proto Oceanic | *mp | *mp,ŋp | *p | *m | *m,ŋm | *k | *ŋk | *ŋ | *y | *w | *t | *s,nj | *ns,j | *j | *nt,nd | *d,R | *l | *n | *ɲ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Micronesia na asali | *p | *pw | *f | *m | *mw | *k | *x | *ŋ | *y | *w | *t | *T | *s | *S | *Z | *c | *r | *l | *n | *ɲ |
| Proto Chuukic-Pohnpeic | *p | *pw | *f | *m | *mw | *k | *Sai,r3 | *ŋ | *y | *w | *t | *j | *t | *t | Sanya | *c | *r | *l | *n | *ɲ |
| Farko-Pohnpeic | *p1 | *pw | *p, da kuma2 | *m | *mw | *k | *Sai,r3 | *ŋ | *y | *w | *j, u,e4} | *j | *t | *t | Sanya | * c | *r | *l | *n | *Shin, sama da V_} |
| Pingelapese | *p1 | *pw | *p, da kuma2 | *m | *mw | *k | *Sai,r3 | *ŋ | *Sai, da kuma | *w | *j1, S, S, S4} | *s | *t | *t | Sanya | *s | *r | *l | *n | *Shin, sama da V_} |
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Pingelapese". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Bender, Byron W. (2003). "Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions: 1". Oceanic Linguistics. 42 (1): 4, 5. doi:10.2307/3623449. JSTOR 3623449.