Harshen Proto-Arabic

Harshen Proto-Arabic
Dangin harshen	Harshen Proto-Arabic
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–

Proto-Arabic shine sunan da aka ba wa kakannin da aka sake ginawa na dukkan nau'ikan Larabci da aka tabbatar tun daga karni na 9 BC.

Tabbacin

Akwai layin shaida guda biyu don sake gina Proto-Arabic:

• Shaidar Larabci ta zama mafi yawa a ƙarni na 2 BC, tare da takardun sunayen Larabci a cikin Rubutun Nabataean da kuma shaidar substratum na Larabci cikin Harshen Nabataean. [yanawa da ake buƙata] 
• An rubuta rubutun Safaitic da Hismaic tsakanin karni na 1 BC da karni na 4 AD, a cikin hamadar basalt na arewa maso yammacin Yankin Larabawa da Kudancin Levant. Har ila yau, suna da mahimmanci ga sake gina Proto-Arabic, tunda suna nuna siffofi da yawa waɗanda tsohuwar Kudancin Larabawa da Larabci na gargajiya suka raba. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su sun ware su daga harsunan da aka rubuta a kudu, kamar Dadanitic da Taymanitic (duba Halaye a ƙasa).

Tsohon Larabci a cikin rubutun Nabataean an fara tabbatar da shi a cikin hamadar Negev a ƙarni na 1 BC, amma ya zama mafi yawa a yankin bayan faduwar Safaitic da Hismaic. Daga karni na 4 AD, an tabbatar da rubutun Tsohon Larabci daga Arewacin Siriya zuwa Hejaz, a cikin rubutun da ke tsakanin Nabataean da rubutun Kufic na zamanin Islama.

Ƙasar

Dangane da shaidar rubuce-rubuce, wani masanin ya rubuta cewa ana iya ɗaukar Urheimat na Proto-Arabic a matsayin iyaka tsakanin arewa maso yammacin Arabiya da kudancin Levant.

Juyin Halitta

Akwai rikice-rikice tare da aikace-aikacen kalmomin "Larabci na gargajiya," "Proto-Larabci" da "Tsohon Larabci." Wannan wani lokacin shine sunan da aka ba wa tsoffin harsunan Arewacin Larabawa. Sabatino Moscati ya kira su "pre-classical", Georgi Akhvlediani ya kira su ""proto-Arabic", Johann Fück, Haim Rabin, Ibrahim al-Samarrai da Karl Brockelmann sun kira su "tsohon Larabci". Brockelmann ya yi la'akari da harsunan Arewacin Larabawa na zamanin d ̄ a na Larabci waɗanda ba su da kama da Larabci na Late Classical.

Yin amfani da irin wannan sunan ga yarukan Arewacin Larabawa kuskure ne. Tsohon Larabci a bayyane yake ya kasance tare da Arewacin Larabci amma, ba kamar su ba, ya kasance harshe ne kawai ake magana. Masanin Holland Emery van Donzel ya yi la'akari da "Tsohon Larabci (Proto-Arabic) harshe" don zama ɗaya daga cikin matakai uku a ci gaban Larabci na Preclassic, yana bin harsunan Larabci da kuma gaban Larabcin Farko na ƙarni na 3 zuwa 6. Har ila yau, akwai waɗanda ke magana da yarukan Arewacin Larabawa a matsayin "Proto-Arabic" kuma suna rarrabe tsakanin su da Preclassic Arabic.

Agathangel na Crimea ya bayyana lokacin wanzuwar tsohuwar Larabci (pre-classical) a matsayin ƙarni na V-VIII (har zuwa 750), wanda ya biyo bayan zamanin Khalifa na gargajiya (karni na VIII-XI), lokacin post-classicism (karni ya XI-XV), sannan kuma lokacin raguwa (karni nke XVI-XVIII).

Halaye

Akwai siffofi da yawa da Larabci na gargajiya suka raba, iri-iri na Larabci ta zamani da rubutun Safaitic da Hismaic waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su a kowane nau'in harshe na Semitic ba, gami da harsunan Dadanitic da Taymanitic na arewacin Hejaz. Su ne shaidar zuriya ta kowa daga kakannin da ba a sani ba, Proto-Arabic. Za'a iya sake gina fasalulluka masu zuwa tare da amincewa ga Proto-Arabic:

Dubi kuma

• Rarraba harsunan Larabci