Harshen Saaroa
| Harshen Saaroa | |
|---|---|
'Yan asalin magana | harshen asali: 10 (2012) |
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
sxr |
| Glottolog |
saar1237[1] |
Saaroa ko Lhaʼalua yare ne na Kudancin Tsouic wanda Mutanen Saaroa (Hla'alua) ke magana, 'yan asalin Taiwan. Harshen Formosan ne na dangin Austronesian .
Saaroa suna zaune a ƙauyuka biyu na Taoyuan da Kaochung a cikin Gundumar Taoyuan (Taoyuan Township), Birnin Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Zeitoun & Teng 2014).
Tare da kasa da masu magana da asali 10 da kabilanci na mutane 400, ana ɗaukar Saaroa a cikin haɗari. Ko da tsakanin masu magana da yaren, suna amfani da Mandarin ko Bunun a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. Babu sauran al'ummomin magana masu aiki ga Saaroa.
Juyin Harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin da aka haɗa shi bisa ga ƙamus, Saaroa yana da alaƙa da sauran harshen Formosan Tsou kuma rassan da wuri daga harshen Proto-Formosan wanda ke bayyana rukuni.[2]
A kan dalilai na ƙamus da phonographical, Tsou, Kanakanabu, da Saaroa suma suna haɗuwa sosai don samar da ƙungiyar Tsouic; mai yiwuwa ne cewa Rukai da "Ƙananan Ƙauyuka Uku Rukai" su ma yarukan Tsouic ne.[3]
Kungiyar Tsouic ta kasance tana zaune a wani yanki mai girma a yankunan kudu maso yammacin tsakiyar Taiwan. Saboda mamayewar wasu al'ummomi da cututtukan da ke yaduwa, ya ragu zuwa ƙananan yankuna kamar yadda yake a yau.Hadisin baki ya ce ƙungiyar Tsouic ta samo asali ne daga Yushan. Kimanin shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata, kungiyar ta rabu kashi biyu, Tsou ta Arewa da Tsou ta Kudu. Arewacin Tsou ya sauka tare da Kogin Nantzuhsien zuwa yamma, yayin da Kudancin Tsou suka sauka tare le Kogin Laonung. Wannan na ƙarshe ya rabu zuwa biyu, Kanakanabu da Saaroa kimanin shekaru 800 da suka gabata.[4]A cikin 1990, Saaroa kusan ya ƙare. Yara kalilan ne ke magana da yaren. Harshen Bunun yana zama babban yaren mutanen Saaroa, kuma yawancin dattawa a cikin al'umma suna magana da harshen Taiwanese Hokkien. Canjin zuwa harshen Bunun ya faru ne lokacin da Bunun suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankin da mutanen Saaroa ke zaune.
Saaroa ya aro da yawa daga Mantauran Rukai, tunda mutanen Saaroa da Rukai suna kusa da juna.[4]
Bayanan harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Saaroa tana da ƙwayoyi goma sha uku: (t, k, ʔ, s, v, ts, m, n, ŋ, r, ɾ, ɬ da kuma wasula huɗu: , , , u, a__hau____hau____hau__ . Tsarin syllable na asali a cikin Saaroa shine (C) V, inda C ke tsaye don consonants da V don wasula ko wasula masu tsawo. Sautin na iya bayyana a matsayin sautin dogon lokaci ko a cikin ɗakunan.[5] Sautin a cikin ɗakunan suna yin kalmomi biyu ko fiye.[5] Har ila yau, akwai kalmomin aro da yawa a Saaroa, da yawa daga cikinsu an gabatar da su a Lokacin Daular Japan (1895-1945). Baya ga Jafananci, an aro kalmomi daga Mandarin Sinanci, Taiwanese kudancin Min, da sauran harsunan asali a yankin makwabta, misali Bunun.
A baya, an yi amfani da rubutun Roman a cikin kayan rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata na Saaroa.
| Phoneme | Rubutun kalmomi | Wakilin sauti |
|---|---|---|
| p | p | [p] a duk mahalli |
| t | t | [t] a duk mahalli |
| k | k | [k] a duk mahalli |
| ʔ | ' | [ʔ] a duk mahalli |
| s | s | [s] a duk mahalli, sai dai bayan sautin da ba a zagaye ba na gaba i; [ɕ] a gaban sautin da bai zagaye ba i. |
| v | v | [v] a duk mahalli, sai dai bayan babban wasali; [β] a gaban babban wasali na gaba i. |
| ts | c | [ts] a duk mahalli sai dai a gaban sautin da ba a zagaye ba i; [tɕ] a gaban saitin da ba a yi zagaye na gaba i. |
| m | m | [m] a duk mahalli |
| n | n | [n] a duk mahalli |
| ŋ | ng | [ŋ] a duk mahalli |
| r | r | [r] a duk mahalli |
| ɾ | l | [ɾ] a duk mahalli |
| ɬ | lh | [ɬ] a duk mahalli |
| b | b | [b] sunan aro |
| ph | ph | [ph] sunan aro |
| th | th | [th] sunan aro |
| kh | kh | [kh] sunan aro |
| tsh | ch | [tsh] sunan aro |
| tɕ | ts | [tɕ]foneme na aro |
| dz | dz | [dz] sunan aro |
| g | g | [g] sunan aro |
| h | h | [h] sunan aro |
| i | i | [i] a duk mahalli |
| Ƙari | ʉ | [ɨ] a duk mahalli |
| u | u | [u] a duk mahalli |
| a | a | [a] a duk mahalli |
| ɛ | e19 | [ɛ] sunan aro |
| Owu | o | [ɔ] sunan aro |
| V: | VV20 | duk wani dogon wasali da aka rubuta a matsayin wasali biyu iri ɗaya |
Tushen da ba a samo asali ba suna ɗauke da ma'anar kalmomi yawanci sun ƙunshi fiye da jimloli biyu, a cikin (C) V. (C) V. (C) Tsarin V. Saaroa ya bambanta damuwa ta farko (wanda aka nuna ta hanyar) da damuwa ta biyu (wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar). Matsi na farko ba ya bambanta, kuma ba damuwa ta biyu ba. Wata wasali tare da damuwa ta farko ana nuna ta da mafi girma da ƙarfi. Kodayake ana fahimtar syllable ɗin da aka jaddada tare da babban farar, bambancin tsakanin kalmomi ba ya cikin matsayi ko ingancin wannan farar. Saboda haka, Saaroa bai kamata a dauke shi a matsayin harshen da ba a yi amfani da shi ba.A cikin Saaroa, reduplication tsari ne mai amfani sosai. Daidai wannan tsari na morphological na iya amfani da kalma mai ƙarfi da kuma adjectival a cikin kalma. Misali, lokacin da ake fuskantar reduplication, duka abubuwan adjectival da kalmomi masu ƙarfi na iya samun ma'anar 'ci gaba', 'ci gaba,' karuwa (ko 'ƙaddamarwa') ', 'ƙananan' da 'haɗin kai'.
A cikin Saaroa, ana haɗa sunaye a ƙarƙashin ƙananan ƙamus da yawa bisa ga yiwuwar su na morphological / syntactic da ke da alaƙa da kaddarorin ma'anar su (i) kalmomin dangi, (ii) kalmomin dindindin, (iii) sunayen ɗan adam da waɗanda ba na ɗan adam ba, (iv) sunayen mutum, (v) sunayen wuri da (vi) sunayen lokaci. Wadannan azuzuwan na iya haɗuwa; daidai da haka, suna na iya fadawa cikin aji fiye da ɗaya. Hakazalika, ana haɗa kalmomi a ƙarƙashin ƙananan ƙamus da yawa bisa ga yiwuwar morphological / syntactic da ke da alaƙa da kaddarorin semantic na masu magana: (i) ɗalibai masu wucewa, (ii) kalmomin da ke tsaye, da (iii) kalmomin adverbial. Dukkanin azuzuwan na iya haɗuwa; daidai da haka, aikatau na iya fadawa cikin aji fiye da ɗaya.
A cikin Saaroa, yiwuwar aiki na abubuwan adjectival yawanci sun haɗa da kasancewa masu gyarawa zuwa sunan kai a cikin NP da shugabannin maganganu marasa ma'ana.[6]
Idan ya zo ga tsari na kalma, Saaroa ainihin harshe ne na farko. Maganar mai ba da izini ta Actor Murya muacekehle 'zai dawo' ya bayyana a gaban gardamar batun kana'ana ' (s) shi'. Bugu da ƙari, tsari na asali shine Verb-Actor-Theme . Misali, gardamar mai suna Actor na Actor Voice Construction (misali, mairange 'dankali mai zaki'). Hakazalika, gardamar jigon jigon gini na Muryar Mai haƙuri dole ne ya bi gardamar mai wasan kwaikwayo.[7]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Saaroa". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Starosta 1996
- ↑ Ferrell 1979
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Li 2001
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Pan 2012
- ↑ Pan 2012
- ↑ Li 2010