Harshen Sulka
| Harshen Sulka | |
|---|---|
| |
| Baƙaƙen boko | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
sua |
| Glottolog |
sulk1246[1] |
Sulka yare ne da aka ware daga New Britain, Papua New Guinea . [2] A shekara ta 1991, akwai masu magana 2,500 a gabashin Gundumar Pomio, Lardin Gabashin New Britain.[3] Ƙauyuka sun haɗa da Guma (5°16′33′′S 152°05′32′′E / 5.275769°S 152.092315°E / -5.275769; 152.093315 (Guma Village)) a Gabashin Pomio Rural LLG . Tare da irin wannan ƙarancin masu magana, ana ɗaukar wannan yaren yana cikin haɗari. [ana buƙatar hujja]Masu magana da Sulka sun yi ƙaura zuwa Gabashin New Britain daga New Ireland.
Yankin da aka rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana magana da Sulka a yankin bakin teku na Wide Bay, a kan tekun Kudancin Gazelle Peninsula, [4] a gabashin Tsibirin New Britain, Papua New Guinea . Wasu masu magana sun kiyasta yawan su tsakanin 3,000 da 3,500. [5] Reesink (2005) ya ba da rahoto game da wasu masu magana da Sulka waɗanda suka haɗu a ƙauyukan makwabta tare da masu magana da wasu harsuna kamar Mali, kudu maso gabashin Kokopo . [5]
Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya bayyana Sulka kamar yadda yake da tushen tsohuwar Papuan (ba na Austronesian ba), wanda kuma ke nuna gine-ginen morphosyntactic da wasu abubuwan ƙamus da ke da alaƙa da reshen Oceanic na Austronesien (watau harsunan haɗin St. George kamar Mali). [6] A madadin haka, an gabatar da shi kamar yadda mai yiwuwa yake da alaƙa da Kol ko Baining a matsayin wani ɓangare na shawarar Gabashin Papua, amma Palmer (2018) ya bi da Sulka a matsayin yare mai zaman kansa.
Sulka tana da tasiri daga Harshen Mengen.
Fiye da shekaru 3,000 zuwa 3,500 da suka gabata, kakannin harshe na masu magana da Sulka sun isa yankin Papua New Guinea.[2]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kodayake ba a san tarihin yaren sosai ba, yana iya nuna cakuda halaye na Oceanic da Papuan.[7] Wadannan harsunan Sulka ne suka haɗu da su, lokacin da mutanen da ke magana da waɗannan harsuna suka zauna a yankin a ƙauyukan da ke kusa, kimanin shekaru 3,200 da suka gabata.[8]
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin sautin na Sulka ya ƙunshi ɓangarori 28 daban-daban, ƙwayoyi goma sha huɗu, da wasula bakwai. A kan batun consonants, babu wata hujja ta baya-bayan nan don tallafawa bambanci tsakanin [b] da [β], saboda haka ana zaton su allophones ne kuma ana wakilta su a cikin teburin consonants a matsayin [β] kawai.[5]
| Biyuwa | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Rashin ƙarfi | Gishiri | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dakatar da | <small id="mwjg">murya</small> | (d) | g | (q) | |||
| <small id="mwmw">ba tare da murya ba</small> | p | t | k | ||||
| Hanci | m | ŋ | (Sai) | ||||
| Fricative | β | s | (ɣ) | (ʁ) | h | ||
| Hanyar gefen | l | ||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Kusanci | j | ||||||
Sautin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ga wasula, Sulka yana da bambanci tsakanin wasula uku na gaba: sama, tsakiya, da ƙasa, [i], [e], da [ε], amma babu misali na babban wasula na tsakiya [ɨ]. Koyaya, idan ya zo ga bambance-bambance na murya, ba koyaushe yake bayyane ba. Tsakani wasula na gaba na iya canzawa a wani wuri tsakanin kusa-tsakiya [e] da kuma wasula na tsakiya-tsakiya[ɪ], ana furta shi kamar Turanci i a cikin 'in'.[5] Sautunan [o] da [u] sau da yawa suna canzawa tare da juna kamar yadda yake a cikin misalin '1SG magana' [ku] da [ko]. Wannan tsari na canji yana da alama yana faruwa ne ga manyan wasula na gaba. Lokacin kallon tsawon wasula, ana yawan rikitar da wasula masu tsawo tare da diphthongs.
| A gaba | Komawa | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Kusa | <small id="mw9w">gajeren lokaci</small> | i | u |
| <small id="mw_w">Tsawon Lokaci</small> | iː | uː | |
| Tsakanin | <small id="mwAQk">gajeren lokaci</small> | e ~ ɪ, ɛ | o, Oɔ |
| <small id="mwARQ">Tsawon Lokaci</small> | eː | oː, ɔː | |
| Bude | <small id="mwAR8">gajeren lokaci</small> | a | |
| <small id="mwASY">Tsawon Lokaci</small> | aː |
Ana iya samun sautunan wasali bakwai a cikin waɗannan kalmomi:
| IPA | Ma'anar |
|---|---|
| [Hip][hip] | 'Wallaby itace' |
| [Hep][hep] | 'kwata' |
| [hɛp] | 'yi wuta' |
| [Lubu][lul] | 'ruwa' |
| [Lol][lol] | 'karɓar (abu na PL) ' |
| [yok] | 'sunan' |
| [Sashe] | 'Taro' |
| [ko] | 'akwai' |
| [Katar][kat] | 'Sake' |
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Sulka". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dunn, Michael; Levinson, Stephen C.; Lindström, Eva; Reesink, Ger; Terrill, Angela (2008). "Structural Phylogeny in Historical Linguistics: Methodological Explorations Applied in Island Melanesia". Language (in Turanci). 84 (4): 710–759. doi:10.1353/lan.0.0069. ISSN 1535-0665. S2CID 6356461.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Papua New Guinea languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). SIL International.
- ↑ Tharpe, Douglas (1996). "Sulka Grammar Essentials". SIL International Publications. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:1 - ↑ Reesink, Ger P. (2005). "Sulka of East New Britain: A Mixture of Oceanic and Papuan Traits" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics (in Turanci). 44 (1): 145–193. doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0026. ISSN 1527-9421. S2CID 142693537.
- ↑ Reesink, Ger P. (2005). "Sulka of East New Britain: A Mixture of Oceanic and Papuan Traits" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics (in Turanci). 44 (1): 145–193. doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0026. ISSN 1527-9421. S2CID 142693537.
- ↑ Michael Dunn; Stephen C. Levinson; Eva Lindström; Ger Reesink; Angela Terrill (2008). "Structural Phylogeny in Historical Linguistics: Methodological Explorations Applied in Island Melanesia". Language (in Turanci). 84 (4): 710–759. doi:10.1353/lan.0.0069. ISSN 1535-0665. S2CID 6356461.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help)