Harshen Tangoa
| Tangoa | |
|---|---|
| Movono | |
| Yanki | Tangoa Island, Vanuatu |
'Yan asalin magana | 370 (2015) |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
tgp |
| Glottolog |
tang1347[1] |
 Espiritu Santo; Tangoa Island, where Tangoa is primarily spoken, lies off the southern coast | |
 Tangoa is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Tangoa, ko Movono, yare ne na yankin Oceanic[2][3] ko yaren. Ana magana da shi a Tsibirin Tangoa a kudancin bakin tekun Espiritu Santo a Vanuatu, da kuma wasu ƙauyuka da ke gaban Tangoa . [4] A cikin 2015 an kiyasta yana da masu magana 370, yayin da a cikin 2001 an kiyasta cewa yana da 800. [5]
Tangoa na iya zama cikin haɗari, [6] tare da matsayinta da aka bayyana a matsayin "canji". [7] Wani tushe ya bayyana amfani da harshe a matsayin mai ƙarfi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi tsakanin dukkan shekaru a duk yankuna, kodayake tare da wasu sauya lambar zuwa Bislama.[8]
Ya fi mayar da Harshen Araki da ake magana a Tsibirin Araki.[9]
Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An bayyana Tangoa gabaɗaya a matsayin yare, [2] [3] amma kuma a matsayin yaren da aka gabatar, wanda aka bayyana a cikin yaren Kudu maso Yammacin Santo tare da Araki, Akei, da Wailapa. [10]::304 Koyaya, Tangoans gabaɗaya ba su fahimci Araki ba, wanda ke nuna cewa ba duka yarukan yare ɗaya ba ne.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu wa'azi na Kirista na farko sun zauna a Tangoa a 1887 kuma sun kafa Cibiyar Horar da Tangoa (a cikin 1970s ta zama Kwalejin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Presbyterian kuma daga baya Cibiyar Ma'aikatar Talua), tare da manufar horar da malamai da firistoci na Littafi Mai-Msarki; har yanzu tana da babban tasiri a rayuwar zamantakewa a yankin. An zaɓi Tangoa a matsayin harshen da ake amfani da shi don dalilai na mishan; an yi amfani da shi a coci, ilimi da kuma sadarwa tsakanin tsibirin.[11]:1
An ba da shawarar cewa ayyukan masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, musamman fassarorin Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa Tangoa, sun ba da gudummawa ga raguwar yaren Araki, wanda yanzu yake mutuwa.
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna alamun sauti na Tangoa: [11]: 3-4:3–4
| Biyuwa | Harshe | Alveolar | Retroflex | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hanci | m | n̼ | n | ŋ | |
| Plosive | p | t̼ | t | k | |
| Fricative | β | ð̼ | s | x | |
| Rashin lafiya | ts | ||||
| Ruwa | l | Sunan, Sunanɽr |
- /ts/ wani nau'i ne mai goyon bayan alveolar, [11]: 3 kuma yana da bambancin goyon baya a gaban wasula na baya.
- /s/ wani alveolar grooved fricative ne.[11] : 3 :3
- /x/ na iya zama, ga wasu masu magana, daban-daban [x] da [ɣ] kalma-tsakiya, yana faruwa a cikin bambancin kyauta.[11] : 3 :3
/m/, /n/ da /ŋ/ na iya zama syllabic. Dukansu na iya faruwa a matsayin syllabe kalma-tsakiya lokacin da ke gaba da wani consonant, kuma /m/ na iya faruwa azaman syllabe kalmar-a ƙarshe.[11]:6
Magana da harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tangoa a baya yana da zamantakewa jinsi, tare da amfani da harshe ya bambanta tsakanin jinsi. Maza sun sami yaren mata a farkon rayuwarsu daga masu kula da su, amma sun zauna a ɓoye a cikin ƙungiyar maza a lokacin da suka farawa, inda suka koyi yadda za a samar da harsuna. Wannan, a zahiri ya sauya rushewar tarihi na *m da *mw. Sanin bambancin kafin haɗuwa na iya samun goyon baya ta hanyar ilimin harsunan da ke kewaye da shi wanda har yanzu ana kiyaye bambancin.
| 'Ido' | 'macijin' | |
|---|---|---|
| Proto-Oceanic | *mata | *mwata |
| Magana ta namiji | Yaƙin Duniya | Ya kashe |
| Magana ta gaba ɗaya | Ya kashe | Ya kashe |
A cikin shekarun 1950, [12] aƙalla rabin masu magana da manya sun haɗu da harsuna tare da bilabials; ƙananan nau'i-nau'i sun zama homophones. Rashin jituwa game da inda amfani da harshe ya dace ya faru ne kawai a cikin ƙananan nau'i ɗaya (pepe "butterfly" da pepe "flame"), amma tare da ƙarin mitar tsakanin nau'i-nau'i marasa bambanci, har ma tsakanin tsofaffi maza. Yawancin tsofaffin maza na Tangoan sun ɗauki haɗuwa a matsayin lalacewar kwanan nan a cikin harshe, wanda ya haifar da yara da ba a koya musu yin magana daidai ba. Koyaya, akwai wasu shaidu cewa bambancin ya kasance ainihin fasalin dogon lokaci. Amfani da harsuna an dauke shi mai daraja, kuma masu amfani da yawa na waɗannan phonemes suna da hankali game da duk wani shawarar da suka yi amfani da su ba daidai ba.[11]:5
Binciken da aka buga a cikin shekarun 1970s ya bayyana cewa phonemes na harshe sun bayyana nau'ikan daraja. Maza ne ke amfani da shi a cikin maganganu, tattaunawa mai tsanani, labarun gargajiya, da dai sauransu, amma ba a yarda da shi ba a matsayin "Tangoa na gaskiya", kodayake ba a sa ran mata da yara su yi amfani da su, kuma ba a yi amfani da shi ba.
Binciken da aka buga a cikin shekarun 1980 ya bayyana cewa harsuna suna cikin tsarin sauyawa zuwa bilabials.[10]:309
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Movono". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Tangoa | Ethnologue Free". Ethnologue (Free All) (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-01-01.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Glottolog 5.1 - Movono". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
- ↑ Tryon, Darrell. "The Languages of the New Hebrides: A Checklist and General Survey".
- ↑ "Tangoa | Ethnologue". web.archive.org. 2016-10-11. Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2025-02-06.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- ↑ "Did you know Tangoa is endangered?". Endangered Languages (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-06.
- ↑ "Glottolog 5.1 - Movono". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2025-02-06.
- ↑ "Tangoa | Ethnologue". web.archive.org. 2016-10-11. Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2025-02-09.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- ↑ Vari-Bogiri, Hannah (2008). "A Sociolinguistic Survey of Araki: A Dying Language of Vanuatu". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 26 (1). doi:10.1080/14790710508668398.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lynch, John (2019). "The Bilabial-to-Linguolabial Shift in Southern Oceanic: A Subgrouping Diagnostic?". Oceanic Linguistics. 58 (2): 304, 309. doi:10.1353/ol.2019.0010. ISSN 0029-8115. JSTOR 26905160.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 "Arthur Capell (1902-1986), Guide to Records Image Viewer". paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2025-02-08.
- ↑ Capell, Arthur; Newton, Peter; Camden, Bill (1956-01-01). "Phonemics of Tangoan. By W. Camden". www.language-archives.org. Retrieved 2025-02-08.