Harshen Tonkawa

Harshen Tonkawa
Dangin harshen	abu object (en) information content entity (en) language entity (en) languoid (en) language (en) human language (en) indigenous language (en) Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) Harshen Tonkawa
Baƙaƙen rubutu	no value
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	tqw
Glottolog	tonk1249

Mutanen Tonkawa suna magana da yaren Tonkawa a Oklahoma, Texas, da New Mexico. Harshen da aka ware, ba tare da sanannun harsuna masu alaƙa ba, Tonkawa ba ta da masu magana da L1 (harshe na farko) tun daga tsakiyar karni na 20. Mutane kalilan ne na Tonkawa ke magana da yaren, amma ana ci gaba da farfadowa.

Fasahar sauti

Sautin sautin

Tonkawa yana da sautin 10:

	A gaba		Tsakiya		Komawa
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Kusa	i	iː			u	uː
Tsakanin	e	eː			o	oː
Bude			a	aː

• Kowane wasali ya bambanta da ingancin sauti da tsawon wasali.
• Wasula suna faruwa a cikin nau'i-nau'i biyar waɗanda ke da Tsawon wasula daban-daban (watau gajerun wasula vs. dogon wasula).
• A gaba da kuma tsakiyar baya, gajerun wasula suna da ƙarancin sauti fiye da takwarorinsu masu tsawo: /i/ → [ɪ], /e/ → [ɛ], /o/ → [ɔ].
• Ƙananan wasula /a, aː/ sun bambanta tsakanin tsakiya da baya: [a~ɑ, aː~ɑː].
• Wasula da j da w ke biye da su dan kadan ne a matsayinsu na magana

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Tonkawa yana da ƙwayoyi 15:

	Biyuwa	Coronal	Dorsal		Gishiri
			plain	labial
Hanci	m	n
Plosive	p	t	k	kʷ	ʔ
Rashin lafiya		t͡s
Fricative		s	x	xʷ	h
Kusanci		l	j	w

• A affricate /ts/ da fricative /s/ sun bambanta kyauta tsakanin dental da Postalveolar articulations, watau [ts~tʃ] da [s~ʃ]. Akwai halin da [ʃ] ke faruwa a ƙarshen kalmomi (amma babu halin da [tʃ] ke ciki).
• Sauran coronals /t, n, l/ suna da hakora.
• Ana samar da obstruents na dorsal tare da wuri na palatal na magana a gaban wasula /i, iː, e, eː/, in ba baki ba su ne velar:
  • /k, kw, x, xw/ → [c, cw, ç, çw]
• Dorsal approximants /j, w/ ne ko da yaushe palatal da labiovelar bi da bi.

Ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin

Akwai mahalli guda biyu inda tarin consonant ke faruwa a Tonkawa:

• lokacin da aka maimaita ma'anar
• lokacin da tarin yake cikin syllable

Ana maimaitawa ko iri ɗaya a matsayin ɗayan. Koyaya, yanayin da ke haifar da wannan maimaitawa ba a bincika shi ba.

• Misali: sʔa-ko 'ya goge shi' da mʔe-t-no 'haske ya buge shi'

Akwai lokuta inda ba a amfani da dakatarwar glottal a cikin rukuni ko haɗuwa

Akwai wasu sassan da za su iya farawa ko ƙare a cikin rukuni. Koyaya, idan tarin ya fara syllable, ba za a iya samun wasula mai shiga tsakani ba.

• Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiya na Farko: kw, m, n, s, x
• Ƙididdigar Ƙarshe: ʔ

Hanyoyin sauti da morphophonemics

Kalmomin farko da suka fara da h-

• an sauke h- lokacin da aka kara prefix
• idan syllable shine C + V, to ana tsawaita wasula kuma an ba da ingancin wasula.
• idan syllable ya ƙare a cikin ma'anar, to, asalin farko ya zama sabon syllable tare da ma'anar ƙarshe na prefix.

Ƙarshen ƙayyadaddun

• Hanyoyi: C V w ko C V y
• Hanyar ta canza zuwa C oː idan an bi ta da ma'anar da ta fara da ma'ana
• Idan dogon wasali ya faru ƙayyadaddun suna canzawa daga (-we/-wesʔ/aːdew) zuwa (-oː ko -o/oːsʔ/-aːdo)

Wani fasalin ban sha'awa na ilimin sauti na Tonkawan shine cewa ana rage wasula a cikin jimloli masu lamba. Wato, ana taƙaita sautin dogon lokaci, yayin da gajerun sautin suka ɓace. Kisseberth (1970), Phelps (1973, 1975) da Noske (1993) ne suka ba da bincike game da wannan.

Tsarin sautin

Harshen Tonkawa yare ne na syllabic wanda ke da tushe ga kalmarsa da jimlarsa har ma da kalmomin da aka jaddada.

• Kalmomin disyllabic sune lokacin da aka sanya damuwa a kan sashi na ƙarshe.
• Kalmomin polysyllabic sune lokacin da aka matsa matsa lamba zuwa sashi na gaba zuwa na ƙarshe, penult.

Akwai nau'ikan sassan guda biyar: (C: consonant, CC: consonent cluster, V: vowel)

• C + V → ka-la 'baki'
• C + V + C → tan-kol 'baya na kai'
• CC + V → sʔa-ko 'ya goge shi'
• CC + V + C → mʔe-t-no 'hasken wuta ya buge shi'
• C + V + ʔs ko sʔ/ lʔ/ jʔ → jam-xoʔs 'Ina fentin fuskarsa'

Tsarin rubuce-rubuce

Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a shafin yanar gizon Tonkawa Tribe ya dogara ne akan Bayanan sauti na Amurka.

Harshen haruffa	Yadda ake furta shi	Harshen haruffa	Yadda ake furta shi
c	/ts/	a	/a/
h	/h/	Ya kasance	/aː/
k	/k/	da kuma	/e/
kʷ	/kʷ/	Ya kasance	/eː/
l	/l/	i	/i/
m	/m/	Ya kasance a ciki	/iː/
n	/n/	o	/o/
p	/p/	Ya kasance	/oː/
s	/s/	u	/u/
t	/t/	Ya kasance a ciki	/uː/
w	/w/
x	/x/
xʷ	/xʷ/
da kuma	/j/
ꞌ	/ʔ/

Ana nuna dogon wasula tare da maɓallin tsakiya mai zuwa. An rubuta rubutun /ts/ . An rubuta maɓallin /ʔ/ a matsayin saltillo. An rubuta sautin palatal /j/ .

Maganar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin Tonkawa Texts na Hoijer tana cikin wani nau'i daban-daban na fassarar Amurka. amfani da maɓallin maɓalli don dogon wasula da kuma harafin dakatar da IPA.

Yanayin Yanayi

Ana iya raba morphemes a cikin Tonkawa kamar haka:

I. Jigogi

• Free - tsutsa na iya tsayawa shi kaɗai
• Ƙuntatawa - tushe dole ne ya sami ƙayyadaddun ko prefix a haɗe; ba zai iya tsayawa shi kaɗai ba

A cikin Tonkawa taken ya ƙunshi raka'a na morphologic. Babban sashi shine tushe. Tushen ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyu (ma'anar da wasali) kuma an gyara shi ta hanyar affixes. Taken, ko tushe, yana aiki, wanda ke nufin yana canzawa yayin da aka kara ƙarin ƙira. Wannan yana haifar da haɗuwa da tushe da ƙira inda ya zama da wahala a ware kalmar cikin ƙananan raka'a.

Na biyu. Bayanan da aka rubuta

• Transformative - ƙayyadaddun yana canza ma'anar da / ko aikin kalmar
• Kalma - ƙayyadaddun yana canza wani bangare na aikatau
• Ma'anar da Ma'anar - ƙayyadaddun yana canza wani bangare na sunan ko ma'anar

Na uku. Enclitics

Harshen harshe

A cikin Turanci, sunaye, sunaye، aikatau, da dai sauransu, kalmomi ne na mutum; Tonkawa yana samar da ɓangarorin magana daban, kuma aikin da ya fi muhimmanci a cikin ilimin lissafi shine adfixation. Wannan tsari yana nuna batutuwa, abubuwa, da sunayen kalmomi da / ko aikatau. A cikin ƙayyadaddun, ƙayyadadden yana da mahimmanci fiye da prefix.

Bambanci tsakanin batun da abu an nuna shi a cikin ma'anar. Duk da yake tsari na kalma yana da alaƙa da batun-abu-kalma (SOV), kalmomin haɗuwa sun zama ruwan dare a cikin Tonkawa. Reduplication ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Tonkawa kuma yana shafar jigogi kawai. Yawancin lokaci, syllable ɗaya ne kawai ke fuskantar sake maimaitawa, kuma yana lura da aikin maimaitawa.

Sunaye

Sunaye suna aiki a matsayin jigogi kyauta, ko tushe, a cikin Tonkawa. Akwai iyaka na kawai biyu ko uku affixes wanda zai iya haɗawa da suna. Koyaya, akwai lokuta na jigon da aka ɗaure wanda ke faruwa a cikin mahadi, wanda ke faruwa tare da ƙayyadaddun -an an ƙara. A cikin Turanci, ana haɗa sunaye da sunaye tare, amma saboda sunayen a cikin Tonkawa suna da jigogi, za a tattauna su tare da sashi na aikatau.

Noun endings

Case	Indefinite (singular/plural)	Definite (singular/plural)
Nominative	-la/ -ka	-ʔaːla/ -ʔaːka
Accusative	-lak/ -kak	-ʔaːlak/ -ʔaːkak
Genitive	-ʔan	-ʔaːlʔan
Dative (Arrival)		-ʔaːyik
Dative (Approach)		-ʔaːwʔan
Instrumental	-es / -kas	-aːlas/ -ʔaːkay
Conjunctive	-ʔen	-ʔaːlʔen
Vocative	(bare stem)	(bare stem)

Kalmomin

Kalmomin suna ɗaure morphemes waɗanda ke da iyaka na jigogi biyu kawai, taken na biyu shine jigon gyare-gyare kuma yawanci yana aiki a matsayin jigon adverbial. Koyaya, idan an ƙara ma'anar -ʔe/-wa aikatau yana aiki azaman taken kyauta.

Wakilan sunaye

Ba a amfani da sunayen suna sai dai don jaddada batun kuma ana sanya su a matsayin prefixes. Mutum da lambar yawanci ana nuna su ta hanyar sanya aikatau. Yawancin sunayen suna da jigogi, musamman sunayen nunawa.

Sunayen Tonkawa

	na musamman	jam'i
Mutum na farko	saː-me	Kew-saː-mu
Mutum na biyu	naː kai	we-naː- pl./them
Mutum na uku	ʔa-/ta

Wakilan da ke nunawa

Za'a iya samar da maganganu masu nunawa ta hanyar ƙara -ca 'wuri', -l 'hanyar', -c 'hanyar' ga sunayen nunawa da ke ƙasa.

Misali: waː 'wannan wanda aka ambata a sama' + ca 'wuri = 'waː-ca 'wannan wurin da aka ambata a baya'

Za'a iya kafa sunayen suna ta hanyar ƙara prefix he- zuwa sunayen nunawa ta hanyar amfani da wannan tsari don maganganun nunawa.

Misali: shi 'tambaya' + teː 'wannan' + l 'jagoranci' = he-teː-l 'inda'

Hakanan za'a iya samar da sunayen da ba a ƙayyade su ba tare da ƙayyadewa. (Tambaya + ʔax)

Misali: hecuː 'me' + ʔax = hecuː-ʔax 'wani abu, wani abu, kowa, wani'

Bayyanawar Tonkawa	Bayyanawa ta Turanci
waː-	wanda aka ambata a sama
teː-	wannan
heʔe/ heʔeː/ heː	cewa
weː	(wannan) daya daga baya

Har ila yau, a cikin rukunin prefix na magana sune causatives ya- da nec-, inda ya- shine tsohuwar nau'in.

Ƙaddamar da aikatau

Kalmomin aikatau suna da mahimmanci a cikin Tonkawa saboda yawanci suna nuna yanayin, mummunan hali, da kuma hanya (a waje da abin da aka isar da shi a cikin abubuwan da aka ambata a sama) na aikin da aka yi.

Suffix	Function	Placement
-ape/-ap	Negation suffix	follows the theme but follows a second-person plural object pronoun, if present
-nesʔe/ -nesʔ	Dual subject suffix	follows the negation suffix, future tense suffix, and second-person plural object pronoun
-wesʔe/ -weʔ	Plural subject suffix	same position as the dual subject; occurs in the first and second persons in all modes
-aːtew/ -aːto	Future tense suffix	after the stem/theme (present tense: -ʔe or just -ʔ; past tense: -ʔej or -ʔeːje)
-no/ -n	Continuative suffix	after the stem
-we/ -oː/ -o	declarative mode suffix	after the present or past tense
-kʷa	Exclamatory suffix	after the 3rd person singular or at the end of the word
-w	Imperative mode	only in the singular, dual, or second-person plural

Enclitics

Enclitics suna ɗaure morphemes waɗanda aka haɗa su da aikatau, sunaye, da kuma nunawa waɗanda suka ƙare da -k. Enclitics sau da yawa suna bayyana ra'ayoyin modal a cikin Tonkawa, wanda ke faruwa a cikin sassan bayyanawa, tambayoyi, da ƙididdiga / ba da labari ko maganganu.

Magana	Suffix	Yanayi na Musamman
Bayyanawa	-aw ko -aːwe
Tambaya	-je ko -jelkʷa	duka biyu suna ɗaukar ma'anar ʔ sai dai idan akwai wakilin tambaya
Bayani / Labari	-noʔo/ -laknoʔo	kawai an kara shi zuwa siffofin aikatau tare da -k suffix kuma idan an yi amfani da aikatau wajen ba da labari mai ban mamaki

Lexicon

Kalmomin kalmomi

Turanci	Tonkawa
Ɗaya	We:'ispax
Biyu	Ketay
Uku	Metis
Hudu	Sikit
Biyar	Kaskwa
Mutumin	Ha:'ako:n
Mace	Kwa:nla
Karnuka	'Ekwan
Rana	Taxas
Ruwa	A:x

Rubutun samfurin

Rubutun da ke gaba shine jimloli huɗu na farko na Coyote da Jackrabbit, daga Tonkawa Texts na Hoijer.  

ha·csokonayla ha·nanoklaknoˀo xamˀalˀa·yˀik. ˀe·kʷa tanmaslakʷa·low hecne·laklaknoˀo lak. ha·csokonayla "ˀo·c!" noklaknoˀo. "ˀekʷanesxaw sa·ken nenxales!" noklaknoˀo. ˀe·ta tanmaslakʷa·lowa·ˀa·lak hewleklaknoˀo.

Haskakawa:

Coyote / yana tafiya tare, S / a kan filayen. Lokacin da ya yi haka / Jackrabbit / yana karya, S / (accus.). Coyote / "Oho!" / ya ce, S. "Horse /my / Na same shi!" / ya ne, S. Sa'an nan kuma / cewa Jackrabbit afm / ya kama shi, S.

A cikin wannan haS, S taƙaice ne don "an faɗi", kuma afm don "wanda aka ambata a sama".