Harshen Tuvalu

Harshen Tuvalu
	‘Gana Tuvalu
'Yan asalin magana	13,000
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) ; Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Harsunan Malay-Polynesian na Tsakiya da Gabas; Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Oceanic (en) ; Central–Eastern Oceanic (en) ; Central Pacific (en) ; Polynesian (en) ; Nuclear Polynesian (en) ; Ellicean (en) ; Harshen Tuvalu; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2	tvl
ISO 639-3	tvl
Glottolog	tuva1244

Rubuce-rubucen Paulo, mai magana da harshen Tuvalu

'Tuvalu' (/ˌtuːvəˈluːən/), sau da yawa ana kiransa Tuvalu, yare ne na Polynesia wanda ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ellicean da ake magana a Tuvalu. Yana da alaƙa da sauran yarukan Polynesian, kamar Hawaiian, Māori, Tahitian, Samoan, Tokelauan da Tongan, kuma mafi kusanci da yarukan da ake magana a kan Polynesian Outliers a Micronesia da Arewa da Tsakiyar Melanesia. Tuvaluan ya aro da yawa daga Samoan, harshen mishaneri na Kirista a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20.^[2]

Yawan mutanen Tuvalu kusan mutane 10,645 ne (2017 Mini Census), ^[3] amma an kiyasta cewa akwai fiye da 13,000 masu magana da Tuvaluan a duk duniya. A cikin 2015 an kiyasta cewa fiye da 3,500 Tuvaluans suna zaune a New Zealand, tare da kusan rabin wannan adadin da aka haifa a New Zealand kuma kashi 65 cikin dari na al'ummar Tuvaluan a New Zealand suna iya magana da Tuvaluan.^[4]

Bambancin sunaye

Masu magana da harshen Tuvaluan suna da sunaye daban-daban don yarensu. A cikin harshe da kansa, ana kiransa te ggana Tuuvalu wanda ke fassara zuwa "harshen Tuvaluan", ko kuma ƙasa da haka kamar te ggana a tatou, ma'ana "harshenmu".^[5] Harsunan Vaitupi da Funafuti an san su tare a matsayin yaren da ake kira te 'gana māsani, ma'ana 'harshe na kowa".^[2] A baya, an san ƙasar Tuvalu da tsibirin Ellice kuma saboda haka ana kiran yaren Tuvalu da Ellice ko Ellicean.^[6]

Tarihi

Kamar sauran harsunan Polynesian, Tuvaluan ya fito ne daga yaren kakanninmu, wanda masana harsuna na tarihi ke magana da shi a matsayin "Proto-Polynesian", wanda aka yi magana watakila kimanin shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata.

Tasirin Harshe

Tuvaluan yana da kyakkyawar hulɗa da Gilbertese, yaren Micronesian; Samoan; kuma, da yawa, Turanci. Ana magana da Gilbertese a asali a Nui, kuma yana da mahimmanci ga mutanen Tuvalu lokacin da mulkin mallaka ke cikin Tsibirin Gilbert. Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje ne suka gabatar da Samoan, kuma ya fi tasiri a kan yaren. A lokacin mulkin mallaka a duk faɗin Oceania a cikin karni na sha tara, harshen Tuvaluan ya rinjayi makiyaya na Samoan. A cikin ƙoƙari na "Kirista" Tuvaluans, inganta harshe na harshen Samoan ya bayyana a cikin amfani da shi don ayyukan gwamnati da koyar da karatu da rubutu, da kuma cikin coci, har sai an maye gurbinsa da harshen Tuvaluan a cikin shekarun 1950.^[7]

Tasirin Ingilishi ya iyakance, amma yana girma. Tun lokacin da ya sami 'yancin siyasa a cikin shekarun 1970s, ilimin harshen Ingilishi ya sami muhimmancin tattalin arziki a Tuvalu. Ikon yin magana da Turanci yana da mahimmanci ga sadarwa ta kasashen waje kuma sau da yawa shine yaren da ake amfani da shi a harkokin kasuwanci da kuma saitunan gwamnati.^[5]

Fasahar sauti

Sautin sautin

Tsarin sautin na Tuvaluan ya ƙunshi wasula biyar (/i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/). Duk sautin sun zo a cikin gajeren da tsawo, waɗanda suke da bambanci.

Sautin sautin
	Takaitaccen		Tsawon Lokaci
	A gaba	Komawa	A gaba	Komawa
Kusa	i	u	iː	uː
Tsakanin	e	o	eː	oː
Bude	a		aː

Babu diphthongs don haka kowane wasali yana sauti daban. Misali: KO'a 'gobe' ana furta shi a matsayin kalmomi daban-daban guda huɗu (ta-e-a-o). ^[8]

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Consonants
	Labial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".	Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".	Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". Samfuri:Grapheme
Plosive	Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".	Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".	Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".
Fricative	Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".	Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".		Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".^{[lower-alpha 1]}
Lateral		Script error: No such module "IPA symbol".

manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Tuvalu". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Ager, Simon. "Tuvaluan (Te 'gana Tūvalu)". Omniglot. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
↑ Ministry of Education and Sports; Ministry of Finance and Economic Development; United Nations System in the Pacific Islands (April 2013). "Tuvalu: Millennium Development Goal Acceleration Framework – Improving Quality of Education" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-13. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
↑ "Tuvalu Language Week kicks off today". TV3. MediaWorks TV. 27 September 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-09-28. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Besnier 2000.
↑ "Tuvaluan". Catalogue of Endangered Languages. 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.^{[permanent dead link]}
↑ Barbosa da Silva, Diego (September 2019). "Política Linguística na Oceania: Nas fronteiras da colonização e da globalização". Alfa: Revista de Linguística. 63 (2): 317–347. doi:10.1590/1981-5794-1909-4. ISSN 1981-5794.
↑ Kennedy 1954.

Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Tuvalu". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Omniglot-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Ager, Simon. "Tuvaluan (Te 'gana Tūvalu)". Omniglot. Retrieved 6 November 2012.

[MDG-3] Ministry of Education and Sports; Ministry of Finance and Economic Development; United Nations System in the Pacific Islands (April 2013). "Tuvalu: Millennium Development Goal Acceleration Framework – Improving Quality of Education" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-13. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

[TV3-4] "Tuvalu Language Week kicks off today". TV3. MediaWorks TV. 27 September 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-09-28. Retrieved 27 September 2015.

[FOOTNOTEBesnier2000-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Besnier 2000.

[6] "Tuvaluan". Catalogue of Endangered Languages. 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.^{[permanent dead link]}

[7] Barbosa da Silva, Diego (September 2019). "Política Linguística na Oceania: Nas fronteiras da colonização e da globalização". Alfa: Revista de Linguística. 63 (2): 317–347. doi:10.1590/1981-5794-1909-4. ISSN 1981-5794.

[FOOTNOTEKennedy1954-8] Kennedy 1954.

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