Harshen Washo

Harshen Washo
Dangin harshen	Default Harshen Washo
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–

Harshen Washo
wáꞏšiw ʔítlu
'Yan asalin magana	20 (2011)
Dangin harshen	abu object (en) information content entity (en) language entity (en) languoid (en) language (en) human language (en) indigenous language (en) Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) Harshen Washo
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2	was
ISO 639-3	was
Glottolog	wash1253

Washo ko Washo (/ˈwɒ.ʃoʊ/; [1] endonym wá꞉šiw ʔítlu [2]) yare ne na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ke cikin haɗari wanda Washo ke magana a kan iyakar California-Nevada a cikin magudanar kogin Truckee da Carson, musamman a kusa da Tafkin Tahoe . Duk da yake akwai tsofaffi 20 kawai masu magana da Washo tun daga shekara ta 2011, tun daga shekara a shekara ta 1994 akwai karamin makarantar nutsewa wanda ya samar da wasu matasa masu magana da matsakaici.[3] Makarantar nutsewa tun lokacin da ta rufe ƙofofinta kuma shirin harshe yana aiki ta hanyar Sashen Al'adu na Ƙabilar Washoe. Harshen ya kasance cikin haɗari sosai; duk da haka, an sake farfadowa a cikin motsi na farfado da harshe kamar yadda yawancin ɗaliban da suka halarci makarantar immersion ta asali suka zama malamai.

Masu Magana da harshen Washo na Ethnographic sun kasance daga yankin al'adun Great Basin kuma su ne kawai ƙungiyar da ba ta Numic ba a wannan yankin. Harshen ya aro daga makwabta Uto-Aztecan, Maiduan da Miwokan harsuna kuma yana da alaƙa da Great Basin da Northern California sprachbunds.

Tarihi

A cikin 2012, an sake sunan Lakeview Commons Park a Kudancin Lake Tahoe a cikin harshen Washo. "Ƙabilar Washoe ta gabatar da sunan Tahnu Leweh (mai suna approx. [tanu lewe]) wanda, a cikin yaren asali, yana nufin "duk wurin mutane. "Sunan ne da kabilar za ta so ta ba da kyauta ga El Dorado County da Kudancin Lake Tahoe a matsayin alama ce ta zaman lafiya, wadata da nagarta. "

Rarraba

Washo yawanci ana ɗaukarsa yare ne mai zaman kansa. Wato, ba shi da alaƙa da aka nuna tare da kowane harshe, gami da harsunan makwabta guda uku kai tsaye, Arewacin Paiute (harshe na Numic na Uto-Aztecan), Maidu (Maiduan), da Sierra Miwok (Utian). Wani lokaci ana rarraba shi azaman yaren Hokan, amma wannan dangin harshe ba a yarda da shi a duniya tsakanin kwararru ba, kuma ba haɗin Washo da shi ba.

An fara bayyana harshen ne a cikin A Grammar of the Washo Language by William H. Jacobsen, Jr., a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, PhD dissertation kuma wannan ya kasance cikakkiyar bayanin harshen. Babu wani bambancin yare mai mahimmanci. (An bayyana aikin rayuwar Jacobsen tare da Washo a Jami'ar Nevada Oral History Program.)

Harsuna

Washo ya nuna bambancin ƙasa kaɗan. Jacobsen (1986:108) ya rubuta, "Lokacin da akwai bambance-bambance guda biyu na fasalin, yawanci ana samun ɗayan a yankin arewacin ɗayan kuma a cikin yankin kudu, amma layin da ke raba yankuna biyu don fasalulluka daban-daban ba koyaushe suke daidai ba. "

Fasahar sauti

Sautin sautin

Akwai halaye shida daban-daban na wasali da aka samu a cikin harshen Washo, kowannensu yana faruwa da tsawo da gajeren lokaci. Ingancin sauti na wasali ya dogara da tsawon su da ma'anar da suke gaba da ita, da kuma matsa lamba da aka sanya akan wasali.

Washo wasula

Rubutun kalmomi	IPA	Misali
'a' ko aá꞉ ko a꞉	/a/ /aː/	lakꞌaʔ 'ɗaya'dá꞉bal 'sagebrush'
shi ne zinariya e꞉ ko e꞉	/e/ /eː/	demémew 'kashinsa'mé꞉hu 'yaro'
i="mwlw">a cikin zinariya ií꞉ ko I꞉	/i/ /iː/	dipúlul 'motata'sí꞉su 'tsuntsu'
o oó ko O꞉	/o/ /oː/	nanhólwa 'mai warkarwa na zinariya'ćidó꞉dokhu 'robin'
ú ko u">U ko U꞉	/u/ /uː/	gukú꞉ 'kwari'šú꞉gil 'sunflower'
Ƙari Sai dai:	/ɨ/ /ɨː/	ćɨkɨ (sanyi)
ay		Daynan da aka yi
ido		béyu (don biyan; ƙaramin ɗan'uwa [an yi amfani da shi a cikin mahallin])

Ana kiran sautin da aka yi alama da babbar murya (') tare da damuwa, kamar a cikin Washo ćigábut (summer).

A cikin Washo, wasula na iya samun ko dai dogon ko gajeren halaye; ana lura da ingancin da ya fi tsayi ta hanyar ƙara maɓallin maɓallin, kamar yadda a cikin misalin da ke sama míši milí꞉giyi . Ana kiran sautin da ke da irin wannan alamar sau biyu na tsawon al'ada. Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin bambancin tsakanin kalmomin móko (takalma) mó꞉ko (dutse). Koyaya, sautin da ake furta ta wannan hanyar bazai biye da maɓallin ba.

Jacobsen ya bayyana dalla-dalla sauye-sauye daban-daban na wasula waɗanda suka bambanta al'ummomin magana na Washo.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Tsarin da ba a wakilta shi da wasika ɗaya a cikin Washo kusan koyaushe yana faruwa a cikin kalmomin Ingilishi da aka aro, kamar nd a cikin kꞌindí (saki).

Washo consonants

Rubutun kalmomi	IPA	Misali
p	/p/	paćil 'pus lapɨš'; 'jiki na'; dawmaʔgá꞉p 'wurin da ke da ruwa'
t	/t/	taniw 'miwak'; [bayani da ake buƙata] data꞉gil 'wuka'; tꞌá꞉tꞌat 'magpie'
k	/k/	kaŋa 'kwari'; maku 'rashin hakora'; bá꞉ćuk 'harsashi'
ʔ	/ʔ/	daʔaw 'kogi da꞉daʔ';
pꞌ ko pʼ	/pʼ/	pꞌá꞉wa 'a cikin kwarin'; dá꞉pꞌá꞉pɨš ' huhu'
tꞌ ko tʼ	/tʼ/	tꞌá꞉gim 'pinenut'; tꞌá concytꞌat 'magpie'
ć ko cʼ	/t͡sʼ/	ćámduʔ 'chokecherry'; dićáćaʔ 'sashin kaina'
kꞌ ko kʼ	/kʼ/	kꞌá꞉ŋi 'yana kururuwa'; kꞌá concykꞌaʔ 'heron'
b	/b/	bá꞉ćuk 'makamai'; dá꞉bal 'sagebrush'
d	/d/	da꞉bal 'sagebrush'; da꞉daʔ 'gadin'
z	/d͡z/	gá꞉zagaza 'wani nau'in tsuntsu'
g	/ɡ/	gá꞉zagaza 'wani nau'in tsuntsu'; tꞌá꞉gim 'pinenut'
s	/s/	súkuʔ 'karya ya꞉saʔ 'sake'; ʔayɨs 'tsuntsu'
š	/ʃ/	šáwaʔ 'farin fir'; diš промышленʔ 'yar uwata'; wá꞉laš 'gurasa'
h	/h/	hélmeʔ 'uku'; ʔa꞉huyi 'suna tsaye'
m	/m/	má꞉mayʔ 'kwandon nauyi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don kwai na pine'; bá꞉muš 'muskrat'; tꞌá꞉gim 'pinenut'
n	/n/	nanholwa 'mai cin abinci na zinariya'; á꞉ni 'ant'
ŋ	/ŋ/	ŋáwŋaŋ 'yaro'
l	/l/	lakꞌaʔ 'ɗaya'; wá꞉laš 'gurasa'; paćil 'pus'
w	/w/	wá꞉laš 'gurasa'; pꞌa꞉wa 'a cikin kwarin'; daʔaw 'kogi'
da kuma	/j/	ya꞉saʔ 'sake rana';áʔ 'shafi'
M	/m̥/	"Yana ɓoye"
Ŋ	/ŋ̊/	dewŊétiʔ 'gidan tudun da ke gangarowa'
L	/l̥/	madukwáwLu 'sunflower'
W	/ʍ/	Wáʔi 'shi ne wanda ke yin hakan'
Y	/j̊/	tꞌá꞉Yaŋi 'yana farauta'

In the area around Woodfords, California, the local Washo dialect substituted [θ] for /s/, thus, sí꞉su 'bird' was pronounced thithu.

Yanayin Yanayi

Washo yana da tsarin rikitarwa.

Washo yana amfani da raguwa ko cikakkiyar reduplication na aikatau ko sunaye don nuna nau'i mai maimaitawa ko lambar jam'i. Washo yana amfani da prefixation da suffixation a kan sunaye da aikatau.

Kalmomin

Verbal inflection is rich with a large number of tenses. Tense is usually carried by a suffix that attaches to the verb. The tense suffix may signal recent past, intermediate past, the long-ago-but-remembered past, the distant past, the intermediate future, or the distant future. For example, the suffix -leg indicates that the verb describes an event that took place in the recent past, usually earlier the previous day as seen in the Washo sentence, dabóʔo lew búʔlegi ('the white man fed us').

Sautin sautin

Wasika ta Suffix	Ma'anar	An yi amfani da shi	Misali
-ayʔ	tsakiya na baya	da wuri fiye da yau, amma ba da daɗewa ba	di hulúyay ('Na fadi')
-gul	da daɗewa, an tuna da baya	a cikin rayuwar mai magana	gedí yeyemi ʔúšgulaygi ('Sun kasance suna kiransa haka')
-lul	da suka gabata	kafin rayuwar mai magana	ga móŋil halúliya ('Sun dasa shi a nan da daɗewa')
-a	baya-bayan nan	aikin ya ƙare	lépꞌamaʔ ('Na isa can')
-i	yanzu	ayyukan da ke gudana a halin yanzu	míši milí꞉giyi ('Na gan ka')
-aša	nan gaba	nan ba da daɗewa ba	dimú sek hay промышленʔi ('Zan tsage shi')
-tiʔ	Tsakanin makomar	a cikin rana	ʔilćáćimiʔ etiʔi ('Yana samun kore.' Zai zama kore)
-gab	nan gaba mai nisa	washegari ko daga baya	milí꞉gi gabigi ('Zan gan ka.' 'Ganin ka daga baya')

Sunaye

Possession in Washo is shown by prefixes added to the object. There are two sets of prefixes added: the first set if the object begins with a vowel and the second set if the object begins with a consonant.

Sautin farko

Sautin farko	Amfani da shi	Misali
l-	mutum na farko mai mallaka	láŋal ('gidanmu/gidanmu')
m-	mutum na biyu mai mallaka	máŋal ('gidanka')
tꞌ-	mutum na uku mai mallaka	tꞌáŋal ('gidansa/ta/gidansa')
d-	Ba a san shi ba	dáŋal ('gidan wani')
Ma'anar farko	Amfani da shi	Misali
di-	mutum na farko mai mallaka	diháŋa ('bakina/munnu')
ʔum-	mutum na biyu mai mallaka	ʔumháŋa ('bakinka')
da-	mutum na uku mai mallaka (lokacin da wasali na farko na abu shine a ko o) (loa da wasali na farko na abu shine a ko o)	daháŋa ('shi/ta/bakinsu') dakꞌómol ('shi/shi/ta'ta/bakansu')
de-	mutum na uku mai mallaka (lokacin da wasula ta farko ta abu ita ce e, i, ɨ, ko u') (lokaci da wasali na farko na abu shine e, i, ɨ, ko u')	deMélɨw ('ta/ta/ta'ta/tabarta') dedí꞉geš ('ta'ta'ta-ta'ta') debɨkꞌɨ ('ta'uwarta/ta') degúšuʔ ('ta/ita/ta' ta')
	Ba a san shi ba	háŋa ('bakin wani')

Dubi kuma

• Ƙabilar Washoe
• Harsunan asalin Amurka

Tushen

•  
•  
• Ives Goddard.
•  
•  
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• "The Washo Project". The University of Chicago. 2008. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
• Yu, Alan C. L. (2006). "Quantity, stress and reduplication in Washo". Phonology. 22 (3): 437. doi:10.1017/S0952675705000679.

Ƙarin karantawa

• Dangberg, Grace (1927). "Washo texts" (PDF). University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 22 (3): 391–443.
• Kroeber, Alfred L. (1907). Putnam, Frederic Ward (ed.). "The Washo language of east central California and Nevada" (PDF). University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 4 (5): 251–317.

Haɗin waje

• Jami'ar Chicago Washo Revitalization Project
  • Washo Online Lexicon
• Reno Linguist Foremost Expert on Washoe Language
• Washo asali lexicon a Global Lexicostatistical Database
• Bayani game da yaren Washo a Binciken California da Sauran Harsunan Indiya
• Albarkatun OLAC a ciki da kuma game da harshen Washo