Harshen Wuvulu-Aua

Harshen Wuvulu-Aua
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) Malayo-Polynesian (en) Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian (en) Harsunan Malay-Polynesian na Tsakiya da Gabas Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (en) Oceanic (en) Admiralty Islands (en) Harshen Wuvulu-Aua
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	wuv
Glottolog	wuvu1239

Harshen Wuvulu-Aua yare ne na kasar Austronesian wanda ake magana a tsibirin Wuvulu da Aua da kuma Lardin Manus na Papua New Guinea .

Bayyanawa

Kodayake Wuvulu-Aua yana da tsarin nahawu, tsari na kalma, da kuma lokutan da suke kama da sauran harsunan Oceanic, yana da yanayin da ba a saba gani ba. Tsibirin Wuvulu, a cikin Lardin Manus na Papua New Guinea, yana da kimanin ƙafa 10 (3.0 sama da matakin teku. Tsibirin Wuvulu da Aua suna daga cikin Tsibirin Admiralty, wani ɓangare na Bismarck Archipelago, wanda ya haɗa da wasu larduna kamar New Ireland, East New Britain, da Morobe. Wuvulu yana magana da kimanin mutane 1,600 a Lardin Manus; akwai kusan 1,000 masu magana da harshen a kan Wuvulu, da 400 a kan Aua. Sauran masu magana da Wuvulu suna zaune a wasu tsibirai a Papua New Guinea.

Wuvulu ya fi kama da Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, da sauran harsunan Oceanic da ke kewaye da tsibirin Admiralty. Wuvulu-Aua yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna uku kawai a cikin Yammacin Yammacin harsunan Admiralty Islands . Sauran harsuna biyu sune Seimat da Kaniet, wanda yanzu ya ƙare.

Akwai yaruka uku na Wuvulu waɗanda suke na musamman ga dangin da ke tsibirin. Ana magana da yarukan Onne da Auna a kan Wuvulu, kuma ana magana da yaren Aua a kan Aua. Kowane yare ya bambanta da sauti, yana rarrabe su daga juna. Tsibirin Wuvulu da Aua suma suna da bambancin ƙamus da sauti.

Rarraba

Wuvulu-Aua wani bangare ne na dangin yaren Austronesian . Har ila yau, yana cikin ƙungiyar yaren Malayo-Polynesian, ɗaya daga cikin manyan iyalan yaren Austronesian. Dangane da wurin, Wuvulu-Aua tana cikin iyalin Malayo-Polynesian na Gabas. Fiye da haka, yana daga cikin dangin yaren Oceanic Western Admiralty Island. Wuvulu-Aua ta ƙunshi harsuna biyu (Wuvulu da Aua), waɗanda suka bambanta a cikin furcin consonants kamar /r/ .

Tarihi

Yawancin masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa harshen Proto-Eastern Malayo Polynesian (PEMP) ya samo asali ne daga yankin Bird's Head na arewa maso yammacin New Guinea. PEMP ta haɓaka harsuna daban-daban; ɗaya shine Proto-Oceanic (PO), wanda ya kai ga iyakar arewacin New Guinea da Indonesia da Wuvulu . Kimanin harsuna talatin da daya a cikin Admiralty subgroup of Oceanic harsuna ne daga PO; harsuna ashirin da takwas na cikin East Admiralty subsgroup, da wasu harsuna uku (Wuvulu-Aua, Seimat, da kuma tsohuwar Kaniet) na cikin Western Admiralty.

Fasahar sauti

Sautin sautin

Wuvulu-Aua tana da ƙananan kayan aiki, wanda ya ƙunshi sauti 20. Akwai wasula goma (wasula biyar da takwarorinsu biyar masu tsawo) da kuma 10 consonants. Akwai wasula biyu na gaba (/i/ da /e/) da wasula biyu ta baya (/o/ da /u/); /a/ ita ce kawai wasula ta tsakiya. Sautin sama, tsakiya, da ƙananan sautin suna da kyau har ma da ma'anar mitar; sautin sama sune mafi yawanci, kuma sautin tsakiya sune mafi ƙarancin lokaci.

Wuvulu ta biyar dogon sautin suna da iri ɗaya da takwarorinsu na sautin, amma sun fi tsayi a tsawon lokaci. Akwai nau'o'i 20 masu yuwuwa na sautin guda biyar: nau'i-nau'i takwas masu faɗuwa (/ia/, /ie/, /io/, /ea/, /ua/, /ue/ da /oa/), nau'i'i- nau'i takwas (/, /au/, /ei/, /eu/, /oi/, /ou/ da /ao/), da nau'i/, /iu/, /eo/, /ui/ da /oe/. Kalmomin tashi, faɗuwa da matakin suna nufin tashi (ko faɗuwa) na sauti na diphthongs. Sautin sautin guda uku da aka saba amfani da su a wasu harsuna ba su wanzu a cikin Wuvulu ba: eo, oe, da ae. Binciken da ya gabata ya nuna cewa diphthongs ba su da sauti a cikin Wuvulu.

	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Kusa	i iː		u uː
Tsakanin	da kumaːeː		o oː
Bude		a aː

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Tushen game da ilimin sauti na Wuvulu-Aua ba su yarda da allophones na phonemes /l/, /r/, da /t/ ba. Blust ya bambanta yawan sautin sautin: 14 a cikin 1996 da 12 a cikin 2008. Hafford ya rage sautin zuwa 10 a cikin 2012. Wuvulu-Aua ya ƙunshi abubuwa huɗu: /p/, /b/, /t/, da /ʔ/. Akwai kimantawa guda uku: /l/, /r/, da /w/. Akwai fricative guda ɗaya (/f/), wanda yawanci ba shi da murya; tsakanin wasula, duk da haka, yana iya zama murya. Akwai hanci guda biyu: /m/ da /n/. Wuvulu ba ta da ƙididdigar ƙira.

Akwai sassan guda uku tare da yiwuwar allophones. /t/ yana da allophones uku ([t], [s], da [tʃ]); /r/ yana da alophones uku, da [g]), kuma /l/ yana da Allophones uku.[r][x][l][d] Dukkanin allophones suna da yanayin muhalli. A wasu lokuta ana furta fricatives [f] da [x] ta hanyar intervocalic. Wani lokaci ana furta /f/ mara murya: fafi -> [favi]. A cikin magana mai sauri, ana yin amfani da /x/ mara murya a wasu lokuta: ere [exe] [ -> e 20:2e]. Amfani da [r] ba a ƙayyade shi ta hanyar tsarin sauti ba. Tsofaffin masu magana da Wuvulu-Aua har yanzu suna amfani da wayar [r]. alveolar trilled [r] kuma tsofaffi masu magana suna amfani da shi akai-akai, kuma yara suna fahimtar shi. Za a yi amfani da [r] gabaɗaya, kuma [x] da [g] ana furta su a cikin rarrabawar kari (Hafford 2015, shafi na 38).  Idan /l/ yana kusa da wasula [+high], /l/ zai zama tashar murya: balu -> [badu] (yaro). Wuvulu yana da sunayen jam'i huɗu; ga kowannensu, /l/ za a iya share shi: Hafford 2015, shafi na 39).  Blust ya gabatar da bambance-bambance masu inganci [x] da [g] a cikin 2008; wannan ya gyara Blust 1996, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa [x], [g], [ɣ], da [k] wayoyin bambancin kyauta ne. Dukkanin yarukan Wuvulu-Aua suna da'awar cewa [k] ba wayar ba ce, tunda kalmomin da aka aro daga Turanci sun maye gurbin [k] da ʔ.

	Labari	Alveolar	Velar	Gishiri
Plosive	b_plosive" id="mwAWE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p	t	(k)	ʔ
Hanci	m	n
Fricative	f
Trill		r
Kusanci	w	l	(w)

Tsarin sautin

The syllable structure in Wuvulu is (C)V. The vowel is the nucleus of the syllable and can be a standard vowel, a long vowel, or a diphthong. The consonant is optional. All vowels hold one mora of weight; long vowels and diphthongs hold two moras of weight.

Damuwa

Idan syllable a cikin Wuvulu ya ƙunshi dogon wasali ko diphthong, ana ɗaukarsa "mai nauyi"; ana jaddada dogon wasali da diphthongs koyaushe. Ƙarshen syllable tare da ɗan gajeren wasali yana da damuwa ta ƙarshe. Don haka, lolo (sink) yana da damuwa ta ƙarshe saboda wasula ta ƙarshe ba ta da tsawo. Idan syllable ya ƙare da dogon wasali ko diphthong, yana da matsananciyar damuwa; rufu (ƙauyen na) yana da matsanancin damuwa saboda wasula ta ƙarshe tana da tsawo.

Magana ta jiki

Proto-Oceanic shine kakannin Wuvulu, kuma tsarin ilimin su iri ɗaya ne. Tsarin jumla na Proto-Oceanic shine: fasaha + (lambar / ƙididdiga) + suna + mai gyara + mai nunawa. A cikin Wuvulu, tsarin jumla mai suna shine (art / nunawa) + (lambar / ƙididdiga) + masu gyara + suna + mai gyara.

Kalmomin suna

Kamar Proto-Oceanic, ana rarraba sunaye a matsayin na mutum, na gida da na kowa. Sunayen mutum sune sunayen da ke da alaƙa da mai magana, kamar kalmomin dangi ko sunayen mutum. Sunayen yankin sunayen wurare ne. Duk sauran sunayen sunaye ne na kowa, kamar 'itace'. Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da kalmomi kamar 'a ƙarƙashin' (gabatarwar).

Compounds, reduplication, da onomatopoeia sune hanyoyi uku don gina sunaye.

1. Compounds are the combination of two words to form a new word. For example, tawaparara ('spotted triggerfish') is formed from tawa ('table') and parara ('sea bird').
2. Waliwali ('driftwood') and wiliwili ('bicycle') are examples of reduplication.
3. Onomatopoeic words include baʔa [baʔa] or [baʔabaʔa] ('knock'), which mimics the sound of knocking on a door.

Kalmomin aikatau

Wuvulu yana da aikatau guda ɗaya tare da 20 morphemes (mafi ƙanƙanta ma'ana a cikin harshe), aikatau guda mafi rikitarwa a cikin harsunan Oceanic 500. Ana iya haɗa kalmomi ta hanyar batun da abu kuma suna iya ƙara yanayi, fasalin, da kammalawa.

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