Harshen Yakkha

Harshen Yakkha
Dangin harshen	Sino-Tibetan (en) ; Himalayish (en) ; Mahakiranti (en) ; Kiranti (en) ; Harshen Yakkha; ; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	no value da Devanagari (en)
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	ybh
Glottolog	yakk1236

Yakkha (wanda aka rubuta shi da kuskure kamar Yakha) yare ne da ake magana a wasu sassan Nepal, Gundumar Darjeeling da Sikkim . Ƙauyukan da ke magana da yaren Yakkha suna gabashin kogin Arun, a kudancin Gundumar Sankhuwasabha da kuma arewacin Gundumar Dhankuta ta Nepal. Kimanin mutane 14,000 har yanzu suna magana da yaren, daga cikin kabilun Yakkha 17,003 a Nepal. A cikin asali, Yakkha na cikin yarukan Kiranti na Gabas kuma yana cikin rukuni ɗaya tare da yarukan Limbu da yawa, misali Belhare, Athpare, Chintang da Chulung. Duk da haka, a kabilanci, Mutanen Yakkha suna ganin kansu sun bambanta da sauran kungiyoyin Kiranti kamar Limbu.

Yankin rarraba

Ana magana da Muga tsakanin Mugakhola da Sinuwakhola a gabashin Kogin Arun a cikin Gundumar Dhankuta, Lardin No. 1, Nepal, a cikin ƙauyuka (VDC) na Muga, Pakhribas, da Phalate .

Ana magana da Phangduwali sama da kogin Mugakhola a Pakhribas VDC, Gundumar Dhankuta, Lardin No. 1, Nepal.

Ana magana da Lumba-Yakkha a Arkhaule Jitpur da Marek Katahare VDC, arewacin Gundumar Dhankuta, Lardin No. 1, Nepal.

Fasahar sauti

Sautin sautin

Yakkha yana da wasula biyar [a], [e], [i], [o], [u]. Babu wasula na tsakiya kamar yadda yake a wasu yarukan Kiranti. Bambanci tsakanin gajeren sautin da dogon sautin yana yiwuwa, amma wannan ba bambancin sauti ba ne, saboda ba za a iya samun ƙananan nau'i-nau'i ba. Ana iya samun diphthongs kamar [oi̯], [ui̯], [ai̯] a wasu kalmomi kamar su Aimsalaŋ "saukowa mai tsawo", ko kuma interjection hoiʔ "Enough!".

Sautin wakilin Yakkha
	A gaba	Komawa
Kusa	i	u
Tsakanin Tsakiya	e	o
Bude	a

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Ana nuna consonants a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa. Maganganun da aka bayyana a cikin ƙuƙwalwa suna da matsayi mai shakka. Ba phonemes ba ne, saboda ba za a iya kafa ƙananan nau'i-nau'i ba. Amma kuma ba a motsa su da ka'idar sauti ba. Bugu da ƙari, ƙayyadaddun murya suna faruwa ne kawai a cikin 'yan kalmomi, kuma wasu daga cikinsu rance ne na Nepali. Misalan da ke da sautin murya na farko sune gogoba (tsuntsu / tsutsotsi), gɦak "duk", jeppa "a zahiri", Seoulgak "sandan".

		Labari	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Gishiri
Plosive	Ba a sha shi ba	b="#mwt26" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"p"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwhg" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">p (b)	d-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"t"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwiQ" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">t (d)		Tunatarwa		k (ɡ)	ʔ
Plosive	da ake nema	ph (bɦ)	th (dɦ)		Tun da haka		kh (ɡɦ)
Rashin lafiya	Ba a sha shi ba		t͡s (d͡z)	(d͡ʒ)
Rashin lafiya	da ake nema		t͡sh (d͡zɦ)
Fricative			s					h
Hanci		m (mɦ)	n (nɦ)				ŋ (ŋɦ)
Kusanci	Ba a sha shi ba	w				j
Kusanci	da ake nema	wʱ
Trill			r
Hanyar gefen			l

Wani fasalin da aka saba amfani da shi a harsunan Kiranti na Gabas shine haɗuwa da murya da murya, kuma Yakkha yana nuna wannan fasalin. Muryar tana faruwa duk da haka zaɓi tsakanin wasula da bayan hanci. Masu hanawa da ba a so suna fuskantar wannan dokar murya akai-akai fiye da masu hanawa. Harshen murya waɗanda ba a motsa su ta hanyar mulkin sauti ba, amma suna da wuya.
Wani fasalin tsarin sauti na Yakkha shine canjin proto */r/ da */R/ zuwa /y/, misali kalmar gishiri ita ce yum a Yakkha, amma rum a Puma (Central Kiranti), da rɨm a Dumi (Western Kiranti).
Ba a samo rhotic [r] kalma-da farko, amma a cikin [Cr] ɗakunan da kuma matsayi na intervocalic, kamar a makhruna "baƙar fata" da tarokma "farawa".
Hanyoyi da yawa na morphophonological suna aiki a Yakkha, don haka siffofin da ke tattare da su ba su da sauƙin kafawa. Yawancin waɗannan matakai suna da alaƙa da maye gurbin da hanci, misali a cikin maganganu masu kama da suncama "itch", tushen aikatau na asali shine /sut/ da /ca/. Don ɗaukar misali daga juyawa, aikatau Sapthakma "kamar" an jujjuya shi sapthaŋmecuna "sun (dual) kamar shi". Sauran misalai na matakai na morphophonological sune canjin et-se zuwa [esse] (ma'ana "don farautar kifi").
Ƙididdigar Nasal da ba a bayyana ba sun daidaita a wurin magana zuwa maɓallin farko, misali m-baŋ "gidanka", amma n-chem "waƙarka".

Yanayin Yanayi

Yakkha yana da wadataccen suna da kuma maganganun magana. Sunayen suna canzawa don shari'a da lamba. Kalmomin suna canzawa don mutum, lamba (singular, dual, jam'i / ba na mutum ba), ƙin yarda, nau'o'i da yawa a cikin yankin lokaci, fasalin da yanayi. A cikin kalmomi masu wucewa, duka mai wasan kwaikwayo da mai shiga suna da alaƙa da aikatau. Ana samun rukuni na hadawa / keɓewa a cikin yanayin magana da kuma a cikin sunayen sarauta da prefixes.

Wakilan sunaye

Wakilan Yakkha suna rarrabe tsakanin mutum ɗaya, lambobi biyu da jam'i, kuma wakilan mallaka suna rarrabewa tsakanin hadawa da cire mai aikawa. Mutum na uku kawai yana da siffofi guda ɗaya da waɗanda ba na musamman ba. Wakilan mallaka sun samo asali ne daga wakilan sirri da alamar -ka. A bayyane yake cewa prefixes masu mallaka sune sunayen mallaka na harshe. Ana iya amfani da su maimakon sunayen sarauta, misali mutum zai iya cewa akka paŋ ko a-paŋ, dukansu suna nufin "gidan na". Sauti da aka wakilta ta /N/ a cikin teburin an bayyana hanci ne.

			Wakilin mutum	Wakilin mallaka	Gabatarwa mai mallaka
Mutum na farko	na musamman		ka	Yadda ake	a-
	biyu	cirewa	kanciŋ	Da farkoŋga	Tsohon-
	biyu	ciki har da	kanciŋ	a cikin shekaraŋga	enciŋ-
	jam'i	cirewa	Ciniŋ	Ya yi shekaru da yawa	aniŋ-
	jam'i	ciki har da	Ciniŋ	kumaŋga	eN-
Mutum na biyu	na musamman		Nadda	Bayyanawa	N-
	biyu		shugabanŋda	Shugabaŋga	shugabanŋ-
	jam'i		nniŋda	Ikon da ya faru	nniŋ-
Mutum na uku	na musamman		uŋ	ukka	u-
Mutum na uku	Ba na musamman ba		uŋci	uŋciga	uŋci-

Yakkha alamomi marasa mahimmanci a kan sunayen gama gari tare da ma'anar clitic =ci . Babu wata alama ta bayyane ta mutum ɗaya.

Tambayoyi da kuma ambaton da ba a bayyana ba

Yakkha yana da sunayen tambayoyi masu zuwa da sauran tambayoyin: isa "wanda", i/ina "me", iya "me" (idan an nemi abubuwa da yawa ko abubuwan da ba a iya lissafawa ba), hetna "wanda", imin "yadda", ijaŋ "me ya sa", hetne "inda", hetniŋ "lokacin". i an nemi wani abu, za a yi amfani da ina, amma idan wani abu yana cikin tambaya, tushen i yana faruwa ba tare da ƙarin yanayin ba, misali I leksa? "Mene ne ya faru?". Reduplication na sunayen suna iya haifar da wani bayani mara iyaka, misali hetniŋ hetniŋ "wani lokaci".

Tsarin shari'a

Yakkha ya bambanta yanayin da ba a san shi ba, ergative -ŋa, genitive -ka/-ga, locative -pe/-be, ablative case -bhaŋ da comitative case -nuŋ, da kuma kayan aiki case -ŋa.

Alamar cikakke tana nuna batutuwa na kalmomin da ba su wucewa ba da kuma abubuwa na kalmomin da ke wucewa. A wasu nau'ikan aikatau (a ma'anar nau'ikan valency), ana sanya abubuwa tare da locative ko kayan aiki. A ergative alama wakilai na transitive verbs ban da na farko da na biyu mutum wakilci, wanda suke a cikin unmarked nominative. Misalan shari'ar cikakke da ergative (sake yawan cire muhawara a cikin maganganun halitta, amma misalai sun ƙunshi su don kwatanta shari'ar):

uŋ-ŋaMagana

uŋ

tundwana

uŋ-ŋa uŋ tundwana "ya fahimce shi"

Kamar yadda yake a wasu Harsunan Kiranti da yawa, akwai haɗin gwiwar ergative-instrumental, kamar yadda duka lokuta biyu ke da alama da -ŋa. Ana amfani da kayan aiki don yin alama da kayan aiki a cikin ma'ana mai zurfi, da kuma don bayanin lokaci:

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Yakkha". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

Magana, alama da -ka/-ga alama ce ta abin da aka mallaka a cikin gine-gine, da kayan aiki:

Alamar wuri da burin motsi da canja wuri:

Comitative alama ce ta wani ko wani abu. Hakanan za'a iya gina sassan adverbials da adverbial tare da comitative.

Halin Magana

Halin magana yana da rikitarwa sosai, wanda shine fasalin yarukan Kiranti. Tsarin da aka bayar a nan dole ne ya ba da hoto mai sauƙi. Halin magana galibi ana wakilta shi da ƙayyadaddun kalmomi, amma akwai wani wuri na prefix, wanda ya cika da hanci da aka ƙayyade wanda ke ƙayyade ko dai mutum na uku ko ƙin yarda.
Mutum da yawan masu wasan kwaikwayo da masu shiga suna nunawa a kan aikatau, kuma waɗannan ƙididdigar na iya bambanta bisa ga rawar da mai magana da su ke takawa. Misali, ƙayyadaddun -ka/-ga suna ƙididdigar mutum na biyu ("ku"), ba tare da la'akari da rawar da ake takawa ba, yayin da ƙayyadadden -m kawai ke ƙididdigat kawai (mutum na farko da na biyu), kuma ƙayyadyadaddun-ƙayyadaddur -u kawai ke ƙidayar mutum na uku. Akwai syncretisms, alal misali da aka riga aka ambata -m, wanda ke tsaye don yarjejeniya tare da mutum na farko da na biyu (wakilin). Wasu alaƙa suna ƙididdigewa ta hanyar morpheme na portmanteau, misali mutum na farko da ke aiki a kan na biyu an ƙididdige shi ta hanyar '-nen' (watau "Na fahimci / kira / sumba da dai sauransu), wanda aka kara da ƙididdigar lambobi idan ya cancanta.
Wani fasalin da ya dace da yanayin magana na Kiranti shine kwafin hanci a cikin syllable codas a cikin ma'anar ma'anar kalma mai iyaka. Misali, nau'in da aka musanta na tum-me-ŋ-c-u-ŋ-ci-ŋa "mu (dual, exc) fahimtar su" shine n-dum-me-n-c- u-n-ci-j-na, inda aka kwafe alamar musantawa -n sau da yawa.
Amma ga lokacin, wanda ba ya wucewa an yi alama da -meʔ ko -wa. Dukkanin suffixes suna da asalin su a cikin kalmomin ƙamus na ƙamus ("yi" da "zama / wanzu" bi da bi). Suna zaune a wurare daban-daban a cikin samfurin ƙayyadaddun magana. Abubuwan da suka gabata suna da alamar -a, wanda sau da yawa ana cire shi don kauce wa raguwa a cikin jerin wasula. Cikakken lokacin an gina shi ta hanyar ƙara -ma ko -uks zuwa ga morpheme na baya, kuma cikakkiyar lokacin da ya gabata an gina shi ne ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin -sa zuwa wannan igiya.
Game da yanayi, ana amfani da ma'anar ta hanyar -a, misali ab-a "Ku zo!" A cikin kalmomin da ke wucewa tare da mai haƙuri na mutum na uku, ma'anar a bayyane ita ce -u, kuma ba a gane ma'anar ma'anar ba. Halin subjunctive ba shi da alamar sadaukarwa, an nuna shi daidai da rashin wani abu sai dai yanayin yarjejeniya, misali ciya hops-u-m? "Shin muna da shayi?" (tea sip-3P-1A). Halin subjunctive kuma yana nuna gargadi, shawarwari da yanayin da zai yiwu a wasu nau'ikan sassan da ke ƙasa.

Rubutun samfurin

The following is a sample text in Yakkha, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription (IPA).^[1]

Yakkha a cikin Rubutun Devanagari: A wannan lokacin ne aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai kula da mata da ke da alaƙa da mata da ake yi a kasar nan. A wasu lokuta, akwai wasu daga cikin wadanda suka yi fice a kasar.

Rubuce-rubuce (IPA)

ɡhak othokʌ tsi tsonʌnuŋʌ nuŋʌ toklaɡa jukthambe wabanasolokʌ Nakʌ Nakʌ ikʌle ŋwamjaha. Uŋʌtsi battʌwa nuŋʌ saɡhu toksaŋʌnda janesaha saha ŋʌwamjaha nhaŋʌ eko hekonabe phununtshaɡa bebharʌ tsokmaha.

Fassara (harshe)

Dukkanin 'yan adam an haife su da 'yanci kuma daidai ne a cikin mutunci da haƙƙoƙi. Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata suyi aiki da juna cikin ruhun 'yan uwantaka.

Manazarta

↑ "Yakkha language, alphabet and pronunciation". Omniglot. Retrieved 2023-11-09.

Bayanan littattafai

Driem, George van (1990), Faduwa da tashiwar phoneme /r/ a Gabashin Kiranti: canjin sauti a Tibeto-Burman. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 53, 83 - 86.
Driem, George van (1994): Kalmomin Yakkha: fassara da bincike na kayan Omruwa (harshe na Kiranti na Gabashin Nepal). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 57, 347 - 355.
Driem, George van (2004): Newaric da Mahakiranti . A cikin: Saxena, Anju: Harsunan Himalayan - da suka gabata da na yanzu. Tumar Gruyter, Berlin
Grierson, George A. (1909): Iyalin Tibeto-Burman, Sashe na I, Janar Gabatarwa, samfurori na yarukan Tibet, yarukan Himalayan da ƙungiyar Arewacin Assam.[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] III na Binciken Harshe na Indiya, Mai Kula da Buga Gwamnati, Indiya, Calcutta.
Kongren, Ramji (2007a): Yakkha Jatiko Samskar ra Samskriti (Yakkha Indigenous People's Tradition and Culture) . Kirat Yakkha Chumma (Kungiyar 'yan asalin Yakkha), Kathmandu .
Kongren, Ramji (2007b): Yakkha-Nepali-English Dictionary. Kirant Yakkha Chumma (Kungiyar 'yan asalin Yakkha), Kathmandu .
- an buga shi kuma an sake shi daga rubutun 2014
Winter, Werner, Gerd Hansson, Alfons Weidert da Bikram Ingwaba Subba (1996): Magana mai mahimmanci na Athpare, Belhare da Yakkha . Lincom Turai, München.

Haɗin waje

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Yakkha". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] "Yakkha language, alphabet and pronunciation". Omniglot. Retrieved 2023-11-09.

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