Harsunan Albaniya

Harsunan Albaniya
Bayanai
Fuskar	Albanian (en) , Padonkaffsky jargon (en) da dialect (en)

Harshen Albanian ya ƙunshi yaruka da yawa, an raba su zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: Gheg da Tosk . ^[1] Kogin Shkumbin kusan layin rarraba ƙasan biyu ne, tare da Gheg da ake magana a arewacin Shkumbina da Tosk a kudu da shi.

Tarihi

Halayen yarukan Albanian Tosk da Gheg, ^[2] a cikin maganin 'yan asalin da kalmomin aro daga wasu harsuna, sun haifar da kammalawa cewa rarrabuwar yaren ya riga ya riga ya wuce ƙaurawar Slavic zuwa Balkans. ^[3]^[4]

Dangane da ra'ayi na Demiraj, a lokacin aiwatar da rarraba yaren Albaniya yawan jama'ar sun kasance kusan a wurin da suke yanzu, yayin da Eric Hamp ya lura cewa "dole ne ya zama tsoho, wato, tun daga cikin karni na farko na Roman. A matsayin zato, yana yiwuwa cewa wannan isogloss yana nuna yaduwar yankin magana, bayan sulhu na Albaniyawa a kusan wurin da suke, don haka yankin magana yanzu ya mamaye Layin Jireček. ^[5]

Harsunan Gheg

Gheg ya kasu kashi huɗu: Arewa maso yammacin Gheg, Arewa maso gabashin Gheg, Tsakiyar Gheg, da Kudancin Gheg. Ana magana da Arewa maso Yammacin Gheg a ko'ina cikin Montenegro, arewa maso yammacin Kosovo (yammacin Pejë), Lezhë, arewa maso Yammaci Mirditë, kudu maso yammacin Tropojë, yammacin Gusinje, yammacin Pük, da Shkodër. Ana magana da Arewa maso gabashin Gheg a duk faɗin Kosovo, Preshevë, Has, arewa maso gabashin Mirditë, gabashin ƙauyuka na garin Shalë na Shkodër, gabashin ɓangarorin ƙauyuka da ke kan iyaka da Tropojë, gabashin Pük, gabashin Gjakovë, gabashinGusinje, Kukës, Tropojë, da arewacin Tetovë. Ana magana da Gheg na tsakiya a Debar, Gostivar, Krujë, arewacin Durrës, arewacin Tiranë, Peshkopi, kudancin Lezhë, kudancin Mirditë, Mat, Bulqizë, gabashin Strugë, Kumanovo, da kudancin Tetovë. Ana magana da Kudancin Gheg a Durrës, arewacin Elbasan, arewacin Pogradec, Librazhd, arewacin Peqin, kudancin Bulqizë, Kavajë, arewa maso yammacin Strugë, da Tirana. Ɗaya daga cikin yaren da ya bambanta shi ne Yaren Upper Reka, wanda duk da haka an rarraba shi a matsayin Tsakiyar Gheg. Har ila yau, akwai yaren da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje a Croatia, Yaren Arbanasi .

Abubuwan Gheg

No rhotacism: Proto-Albanian *-n- remains -n- (e.g. râna "sand").
Proto-Albanian *ō becomes vo.
Nasal vowels: Gheg retains the nasal vowels of late Proto-Albanian and the late Proto-Albanian *â plus a nasal remains â (e.g. nândë "nine"). Although, the quality of the vowel varies by dialect, [ɑ̃], [ɒ̃], [ɔ̃], etc. Some Northeast and Northwest Gheg dialects preserve the nasal in words such as [pɛ̃s] "five" while other Gheg dialects do not, [pɛs] "five".
Monophthongization: Occurs in some dialects of Shkodër in a few words, e.g. [vø̞ː] voe "egg" and [hɛ̞ː] hae "food".
Phonological vowel length: There is often phonological vowel length in most Gheg dialects. Some dialects of Shkodër have a three length distinction in vowels, for example, short: [pɛ̃nˠ] "yoke", long: [pɛ̃ːnˠ] "pen", and extra-long: [pɛ̃ːːnˠ] "yokes".
a-vowel: In some dialects occurring in some certain words a may become a diphthong (e.g. [bəaɫ] for ballë "forehead") or become [æ] (e.g. [læɾɡ] for larg "far").
ë-vowel: Final -ë drops and often lengthens the preceding vowel.
i-vowel: The i vowel in the word dhi (goat) can be realized as various vowels in the Central Gheg dialects: [ðəi] (Krujë), [ðei] (Mountainous Krujë), [ðɛi] or [ðei] (Mat), as well as [ðai] or [ðɔi] in other regions.
o-vowel: The o derounds to [ʌ] in some words in some dialects (e.g. [sʌt] for sot "today" in Krujë and among some Muslim speakers in Shkodër).
u-vowel: The u vowel in different dialects occurring some words may vary, for example rrush "grape" may be [ruʃ], [rauʃ], [rɔuʃ], [rɔʃ], or [roʃ].
y-vowel: The y vowel can remain as y (e.g. dy "two" in much of the Gheg speaking areas), derounded to i (e.g. [di] "two" in Debar), or becomes more open and less rounded to [ʏ̜] (e.g. [dʏ̜] "two" in Mat and Mountainous Krujë). In other words in Central Gheg, the y vowel can become [ø] as in [sø] for sy "eye" (Mat and Krujë).
bj/pj: These may yield bgj or pq in some dialects (e.g. pqeshkë for pjeshkë "peach" in Negotin).
bl/pl/fl: These may become bj/pj/fj or even bgj/pq in some dialects (e.g. pjak for plak "old" in Toplica or pqak for plak "old" in Negotin).
dh and ll: These sounds may interchange in some words in some dialects.
h: This may drop in any position in some dialects.
mb/nd: Consonant clusters such as nd vary greatly by sub-dialect: nder "honor" can realized as [ndɛɾ], [nd͉ɛɾ], [ⁿdɛɾ], [dɛɾ], [nɛɾ], or [nˠɛɾ].
q/gj: In the Gheg dialects, q and gj may remain palatal stops [c] and [ɟ], change to postalveolar affricates [t͡ʃ] and [d͡ʒ] (and thus merging with Albanian ç and xh), change to alveolo-palatal affricates [t͡ɕ] and [d͡ʑ], or even change to alveolo-palatal fricatives [ɕ] and [ʑ].
tj/dj: These may become palatal stops [c] and [ɟ] in some dialects.

Malsia Albanian

Yankin Gheg na Arewa maso yamma ya ƙunshi manyan yankuna uku na al'adun Albania: Malësia da Madhe, Shkodër da Lezhë . A cikin Arewa maso Yammacin Gheg, yankin Malesia e Madhe yana nuna nau'ikan sauti daban-daban, syntactic, da lexical fiye da yankunan Shkodër da Lezhë. Saboda wannan dalili, ana iya ɗaukar Malsia da Madhe Albanian a matsayin nau'ikan Arewa maso Yammacin Gheg. Za'a iya gano fasalulluka daban-daban na wannan iri-iri zuwa keɓewar tarihi da ƙasa na yankin Montainous na Malesia da Madhe (Albanian don 'Great Highlands'). ^[6]

Bayanan Kula

Manazarta

↑ Gjinari^{[page needed]}
↑ Brown & Ogilvie 2008: "In Tosk /a/ before a nasal has become a central vowel (shwa), and intervocalic /n/ has become /r/. These two sound changes have affected only the pre-Slav stratum of the Albanian lexicon, that is the native words and loanwords from Greek and Latin"
↑ Fortson 2010: "The dialectal split into Gheg and Tosk happened sometime after the region become Christianized in the fourth century AD; Christian Latin loanwords show Tosk rhotacism, such as Tosk murgu "monk" (Geg mungu) from Lat. monachus."
↑ Mallory & Adams 1997: "The Greek and Latin loans have undergone most of the far-reaching phonological changes which have so altered the shape of inherited words while Slavic and Turkish words do not show those changes. Thus Albanian must have acquired much of its present form by the time Slavs entered into Balkans in the fifth and sixth centuries AD"
↑ Hamp 1963: The isogloss is clear in all dialects I have studied, which embrace nearly all types possible. It must be relatively old, that is, dating back into the post-Roman first millennium. As a guess, it seems possible that this isogloss reflects a spread of the speech area, after the settlement of the Albanians in roughly their present location, so that the speech area straddled the Jireček Line.
↑ Dedvukaj & Ndoci 2023.

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[2] Gjinari^{[page needed]}

[3] Brown & Ogilvie 2008: "In Tosk /a/ before a nasal has become a central vowel (shwa), and intervocalic /n/ has become /r/. These two sound changes have affected only the pre-Slav stratum of the Albanian lexicon, that is the native words and loanwords from Greek and Latin"

[4] Fortson 2010: "The dialectal split into Gheg and Tosk happened sometime after the region become Christianized in the fourth century AD; Christian Latin loanwords show Tosk rhotacism, such as Tosk murgu "monk" (Geg mungu) from Lat. monachus."

[5] Mallory & Adams 1997: "The Greek and Latin loans have undergone most of the far-reaching phonological changes which have so altered the shape of inherited words while Slavic and Turkish words do not show those changes. Thus Albanian must have acquired much of its present form by the time Slavs entered into Balkans in the fifth and sixth centuries AD"

[6] Hamp 1963: The isogloss is clear in all dialects I have studied, which embrace nearly all types possible. It must be relatively old, that is, dating back into the post-Roman first millennium. As a guess, it seems possible that this isogloss reflects a spread of the speech area, after the settlement of the Albanians in roughly their present location, so that the speech area straddled the Jireček Line.

[FOOTNOTEDedvukajNdoci2023-7] Dedvukaj & Ndoci 2023.

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