Harsunan Borean
| Harsunan Borean | |
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| Linguistic classification |
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Borean (kuma Boreal ko Boralean) [1] wani nau'i ne na harshe wanda ya ƙunshi kusan dukkanin iyalai na harshe a duk duniya sai dai wadanda ke cikin Amurka, Afirka, Oceania, da Tsibirin Andaman. Magoya bayanta sun ba da shawarar cewa harsuna daban-daban da ake magana a Eurasia da yankunan da ke kusa da su suna da alaƙa ta asali, kuma a ƙarshe sun sauko daga harsunan da ake magana da su a lokacin Upper Paleolithic a cikin dubban shekaru bayan Last Glacial Maximum. Sunan Borean ya dogara ne akan Girkanci βορέας, kuma yana nufin "arewa". Wannan yana nuna gaskiyar cewa an gudanar da rukuni don haɗawa da yawancin iyalan harsuna waɗanda ke da asali a arewacin arewa. Akwai nau'o'i biyu na Borean: na Harold C. Fleming da na Sergei Starostin.
Misali na Fleming
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 2002, Fleming ya yi jayayya cewa babu manyan bambance-bambance guda biyu tsakanin Nostratic da Dené-Caucasian taxon tsakanin harsunan Borean, kuma cewa dangin harshe tsakanin rassansa yana iya zama mafi rikitarwa fiye da Nostratic tare da Dené'Caucasian super-phyla.[2]
Duk da haka, a cikin 2013, Fleming ya canza ra'ayinsa game da wannan batu a cikin labarin haɗin gwiwa tare da Stephen L. Zegura, James B. Harrod, John D. Bengtson da Shomarka OY Keita - "Farkon Watsawa na Homo Sapiens sapiens da proto-Human daga Afirka." a cikin Harshen Uwa, fitowa ta XVIII, shafi. 143-188, 2013, inda ya yi jayayya cewa Nostratic da Dene-Caucasian a matsayin harshen phyla a cikin Borean hasashe ne da ke da tushe da gamsarwa.
Fleming ya rubuta cewa aikinsa a kan Borean ya samo asali ne daga binciken Joseph Greenberg na Eurasiatic, kuma yana mai da hankali ga manufar "masu inganci". Ya ƙi Nostratic, wani tsarin macrofamily da aka tsara wanda ya fi girma fiye da Eurasiatic, kuma ya hana hukunci a kan Dené-Caucasian, wani tsari wanda zai kunshi Sino-Tibetan, Yeniseian, Basque, da sauran iyalai da yawa na harsuna da warewa. Fleming ya kira Borean "sarkaren phyletic" maimakon super-phylum. Ya lura cewa samfurinsa na Borean yayi kama da shawarar Vasco-Dene ta Morris Swadesh, kodayake yana ganin kamanceceniya tsakanin Vasco-Дene da Dené-Caucasian. Ya ga Borean yana da alaƙa da bayyanar Upper Paleolithic a cikin Levant, Turai, da yammacin Eurasia daga shekaru dubu 50 zuwa dubu 45 da suka gabata, kuma ya lura cewa an haɗa shi da farko da yawan mutane na Caucasoid da Arewacin Mongoloid, ban da kudancin Indiya, kudancin China, kudu maso yammacin Habasha, arewacin Najeriya, da Jamhuriyar Chadi. [2]
Abinda ke cikin ilimin lissafi na Borean (ba na alhakin haɗi ba game da haɗin kai mafi girma a cikin duka) a cewar Fleming, Bengtson, Zegura, Harrod, da Keita (2013) kamar haka:
Tsarin Starostin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kamar yadda Sergei Starostin ya tsara (2002), Borean ya kasu kashi biyu, Nostratic (sensu lato, wanda ya kunshi Eurasiatic da Afroasiatic) da Dene-Daic, wanda ya ƙunshi Dené-Caucasian da Austric macrofamilies.[3] Starostin ya yi la'akari da harshen Borean zuwa Upper Paleolithic, kimanin shekaru dubu 16 da suka gabata. Misali na Starostin na Borean zai hada da mafi yawan harsunan Eurasia, da kuma harsunan Afroasiatic na Arewacin Afirka da Horn na Afirka, da Eskimo-Aleut da harsunan Na-Dene na Sabon Duniya.
Murray Gell-Mann, Ilia Peiros, da Georgiy Starostin sun ci gaba da cewa hanyar kwatankwacin ta ba da hujja mai ƙarfi ga wasu manyan iyalai na harshe (Dené-Caucasian da Eurasiatic), amma ba har yanzu ba ga wasu (Afroasiatic da Austric). Ra'ayinsu shi ne cewa tunda wasu daga cikin wadannan iyalai ba a sake gina su ba kuma wasu har yanzu suna buƙatar ingantawa, ba zai yiwu a yi amfani da hanyar kwatankwacin ta tsananin ga tsofaffi da manyan kungiyoyi ba. Koyaya, suna la'akari da wannan kawai matsala ce ta fasaha maimakon matsala ta ka'ida, kuma sun ƙi ra'ayin cewa dangantakar harshe a baya a cikin lokaci fiye da shekaru 10,000 kafin yanzu ba za a iya sake gina ta ba, tunda "manyan abubuwan bincike a wannan yanayin ba harsuna na zamani ba ne, amma sake gina harsuna waɗanda suka zama kamar juna fiye da zuriyarsu ta zamani".[1] Sun yi imanin cewa sake ginawa mai kyau na manyan iyalai kamar Eurasiatic zai taimaka wajen binciken har yanzu zurfin alaƙar harshe. Duk da yake irin wannan dangantakar 'mai zurfi' a halin yanzu ana iya tattauna ta ne kawai a matakin hasashe, suna ci gaba da cewa yawancin kamanceceniya tsakanin iyalan harsuna na Eurasia, da yawa daga cikinsu Sergei Starostin ya tattara cikin wani bayanan na musamman wanda daga baya ya kara da bincikensa, ba zai yiwu ba saboda sa'a, yana mai da damar tsara ra'ayin Borean super-family.
Sun kuma ba da shawarar yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin 'Borean' da sauran iyalai. A cikin ra'ayinsu kwatankwacin 'Borean' bayanan sun nuna cewa ba za a iya haɗa Khoisan a ciki ba amma cewa ƙarin haɗin da ke nesa a matakin da ya fi zurfi na iya yiwuwa, cewa yadda manyan iyalai na Afirka Niger-Congo, Gabashin Sudan, Tsakiyar Sudan da Kordofanian ke da alaƙa da Borean ya kasance don bincikawa, cewa halin da ake ciki tare da harsunan asalin Amurka ba a warware shi ba, kuma yayin da wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin Borean da Trans-New Guinea, waɗannan sun kasance da yawa don kafa haɗin kai mai ƙarfi. Sun yi sharhi cewa yayin da bayanan farko ke nuna yiwuwar haɗin kai tsakanin Borean da wasu manyan iyalai daga Afirka, Amurka, da yankin Indo-Pacific ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tantance ko waɗannan ƙarin manyan iyalai suna da alaƙa da Borean ko rassan da ba a san su ba. Gell-Mann et al. sun lura cewa tsarin da suka gabatar na Borean ya bambanta da na Fleming.[4]
Abubuwan da ke cikin Borean bisa ga Starostin kamar haka ne:Samfuri:Clade
Jäger (2015)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Binciken ilimin lissafi na Jäger (2015) bai goyi bayan macrophylum na Borean gaba ɗaya ba, amma ya ba da waɗannan ilimin ilimin harshe na iyalai a Eurasia: [5]
- 1 2 "«Evolution of Human Languages»: current state of affairs (03.2014)" (PDF). ehl.santafe.edu. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- 1 2 "Harold Fleming (2002) "Afrasian and Its Closest Relatives: the Borean Hypothesis", Global Perspectives on Human Language". Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ↑ Driem, George van (2006). "Sino-Austronesian vs. Sino-Caucasian, Sino-Bodic vs. Sino-Tibetan, and Tibeto-Burman as Default Theory" (PDF). Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics. Kathmandu: Linguistic Society of Nepal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedGell-Mann et al - ↑ Jäger, Gerhard (2015). "Statistical support for linguistic macrofamilies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (41): 12752–12757. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11212752J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1500331112. PMC 4611657. PMID 26403857.
Sauran harsuna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sumerian
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Allan Bomhard ya yi jayayya cewa Sumerian bai fito daga yaren yarinya na Proto-Nostratic ba amma daga yaren 'yar'uwarsa. A wasu kalmomi, Sumerian ya fito ne daga tsohuwar yaren kakanninmu tare da Proto-Nostratic kuma bai sauko kai tsaye daga gare ta ba; wato, Sumerian yana kusa da Nostratic amma ba memba ba ne.
Kartvelian
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bomhard ya yi jayayya cewa Kartvelian ya fi kusa da Eurasiatic fiye da sauran iyalai na harsuna a cikin Nostratic kuma bambance-bambance sun kasance ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Kartvelian ya rabu da Eurasianic a farkon kwanan wata.
Matsayin ra'ayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Harshen ɗan adam na asali
- Jerin harsuna na asali
- Asalin harshe-Ka'idojin yadda aka kafa harsuna
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙarin karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- H. C. Fleming, 'Sabon Tunanin Tunanin: Borean ko Boralean', Harshe na Uwa 14 (1991).
- H. C. Fleming, 'Proto-Gongan Consonant Phonemes: Stage One', a cikin Mukarovsky (ed.) FS Reinisch (1987), 141-159.