Harsunan Comorian
| Harsunan Comorian | |
|---|---|
| شیكهمهری | |
| Baƙaƙen boko da Baƙaƙen larabci | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog |
como1260[1] |
 | |
Comorian ( Shikomori, ko Shimasiwa, "harshen tsibirai") shine sunan da aka ba rukuni na harsunan Bantu guda huɗu da ake magana a cikin tsibirin Comoro, tsibiri a kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya tsakanin Mozambique da Madagascar . An sanya sunanta a matsayin ɗayan harsunan hukuma na Ƙungiyar Comoros a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Comorian. Shimaore, ɗaya daga cikin harsuna, ana magana da shi a tsibirin Mayotte da ake jayayya, sashen Faransanci wanda Comoros ke da'awar.
Kamar Swahili, harsunan Comorian harsunan Sabaki ne, wani ɓangare na dangin harshen Bantu. Kowane tsibiri yana da yarensa, kuma huɗun sun kasu kashi biyu bisa al'ada: ƙungiyar gabas ta ƙunshi Shindzuani (wanda ake magana akan Ndzuani ) da Shimaore (Mayotte), yayin da ƙungiyar yamma ta ƙunshi Shimwali ( Mwali ) da Shingazija ( Ngazidja ). Ko da yake harsunan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ba su saba fahimtar juna ba, kawai suna raba kusan kashi 80% na ƙamus ɗinsu, akwai fahimtar juna tsakanin harsunan da ke cikin kowace ƙungiya, wanda ke nuna cewa Shikomori ya kamata a ɗauke shi azaman rukunin harsuna biyu, kowannensu ya haɗa da harsuna biyu, maimakon harsuna huɗu daban-daban.
A tarihi, an rubuta harshen a cikin rubutun Ajami na Larabci. Hukumar mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta gabatar da rubutun Latin . A cikin 2009 gwamnati mai zaman kanta ta yanzu ta ba da izini ga ingantaccen sigar rubutun Latin don amfani da hukuma. Yawancin Comoriyawa yanzu suna amfani da rubutun Latin lokacin rubuta yaren Comorian kodayake har yanzu rubutun Ajami yana amfani da shi sosai, musamman mata. Kwanan nan, wasu masana sun ba da shawarar cewa harshen na iya kasancewa a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa cikin haɗari, suna yin la'akari da sauye-sauyen code da kuma yawancin kalmomin Faransanci da ake amfani da su a cikin maganganun [ ] <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">kullum</span> .
Harshen Umodja wa Masiwa ne, waƙar ƙasa.
Tarihi da rarrabawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu magana da Bantu na farko sun isa Comoros a tsakanin ƙarni na 5 zuwa na 10, kafin Larabawan Shirazi. [1]
Shimwali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yaren Shimwali ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin farkon yaren Bantu da Bature ya rubuta. Ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1613, Walter Payton ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya rubuta kalmomi 14 a tsibirin Moheli, yana cewa "Suna magana da wani nau'i na harshen Morisco ." Sir Thomas Roe da Thomas Herbert su ma sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun rubuta ƙamus.
Har zuwa 1970s, ana ɗaukarsa yare ko sigar Swahili na tarihi. An fara gabatar da wannan a cikin 1871, lokacin da Kersten ya ba da shawarar cewa zai iya zama cakuda Shingazija, Swahili, da Malagasy. A cikin 1919 Johnston, yana magana da shi a matsayin 'Komoro Islands Swahili - yaren 'Mohila' da 'harshen' Mohella', ya ba da shawarar cewa, tare da sauran yarukan biyu na Comoros, yana iya zama tsohuwar sigar Swahili mai lalata. Koyaya, Ottenheimer et al. (1976) ya gano wannan ba haka yake ba. Maimakon haka, sun ware Shimwali, da kuma sauran yarukan Comorian, a matsayin rukunin yare daban daga Swahili. [2]
Shinzwani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wani ɗan mishan ɗan Afirka ta Kudu Reverend William Elliott ne ya fara lura da Shinzwani a shekara ta 1821 da 1822. A lokacin wa’azi na watanni 13 a tsibirin Anjouan, ya tsara ƙamus da nahawu na yaren. Elliott ya haɗa da ƙamus na kalmomi 900 kuma ya ba da misalin jimloli 98 a cikin Shinzwani. Bai bayyana ya san sunaye ba (wanda akwai aƙalla shida a cikin Shinzwani) ko da alama ya ɗauki Shinzwani a matsayin yaren Bantu, kawai yana da alaƙa da Swahili. [2]
An sake lura da yaren a cikin 1841 ta Casalis, wanda ya sanya shi a cikin Bantu, da Peters, wanda ya tattara ɗan gajeren jerin kalmomi. A cikin 1875 Hildebrandt ya buga ƙamus na Shinzwani kuma ya ba da shawara a cikin 1876 cewa Shinzwani tsohon nau'in Swahili ne.
Tunanin bambance-bambancen Shingazija da Shinzwani daga Swahili a ƙarshe ya sami shahara a ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20. A cikin 1883, wani bincike na Gust ya bambanta Shinzwani daga Swahili. Ya tattauna Shinzwani da Swahili a matsayin harsuna biyu daban-daban waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga harshen tashar jiragen ruwa wanda ya kira Barracoon. [3]
A cikin 1909 wallafe-wallafe biyu sun sake tabbatarwa kuma sun fayyace bambancin Shinzwani, Shingazija da Swahili. Struck ya wallafa jerin kalmomi wanda da alama wani Bafaranshe ne ya rubuta shi a cikin Anjouan a cikin 1856, ya gano kalmomin a matsayin na Shinzwani kuma ya lura da wasu tasiri daga Swahili.
A cikin Nahawunsa na Swahili, Sacleux ya yi gargadin cewa ko da yake ana magana da Swahili a cikin Comoros amma ba dole ba ne a ruɗe da harsunan asali na Comoros, Shinzwani da Shingazija. Ya ce yayin da aka fi amfani da Swahili a birane, ana yaren Comorian a ƙauye.
Shingazija
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shingazija ba a rubuta shi ba har zuwa 1869 lokacin da Bishop Edward Steere ya tattara jerin kalmomi kuma ya yi sharhi cewa bai san dangin yare ba. A cikin 1870 Gevrey ya kwatanta Shingazija da Shinzwani a matsayin 'Souaheli des Comoros' (Swahili na Comoros) wanda shine kawai 'patois de celui de Zanzibar'. Duk da haka, Kersten ya lura a cikin 1871 cewa Shingazija ba kamar Swahili ba ne amma yaren Bantu daban ne.
Torrend shine farkon wanda ya gano bambanci tsakanin Shingazija da Shinzwani a cikin 1891. Ya yi ƙoƙarin yin lissafin Shingazija ta hanyar nuna cewa cakuda Shinzwani da Swahili ce. [2]
haruffan Larabci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Comoros yana kusa da gabar tekun gabashin Afirka, tsibirin yana haɗuwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci mai zurfi zuwa babban yankin, kuma Comorian kasancewa harshen Bantu kamar harshen Swahili, yana nufin cewa a tarihi, rubutun Larabci na Comorian ya bi sawun Swahili a cikin al'adar rubutun Ajami na Afirka. Mahimman abubuwan al'adar Ajami sune galibi cewa ana wakilta wasulan koyaushe tare da yare (hakan ya bambanta da al'adun Farisa ). Haruffa alif uwa kuma yā amfani da don nuna maƙarƙashiya ko dogon wasula. Bugu da ƙari kuma, yayin da harsunan Bantu suna da wasula 5, yayin da Larabci na da wasula 3 da kuma 3; har kwanan nan, musamman har zuwa farkon karni na 20, ba a sami yarjejeniya kan hanyar rubuta wasulan [ e ] da [ o ] ba. Bugu da ƙari, an nuna sautunan da suka bambanta da yaren Bantu gabaɗaya tare da mafi kusancin haruffa a cikin haruffan Larabci, tare da guje wa ƙirƙirar sabbin haruffa gwargwadon yiwuwa don kar a karkata daga ingantacciyar tushe mai haruffa 28. Bugu da ƙari, an nuna baƙaƙen da aka riga aka yi amfani da su ta amfani da digraphs. [4]
Karni na 20 ya nuna farkon aiwatar da gyare-gyaren rubutu da daidaito a fadin duniyar musulmi . Wannan tsari ya haɗa da daidaitawa, haɗawa, da fayyace rubutun Larabci a mafi yawan wurare, ƙaddamar da rubutun Larabci don goyon bayan Latin ko Cyrillic a wasu wurare kamar Turkistan Soviet da Caucasus na Soviet, zuwa Turkiya da Kurdistan, zuwa Indonesia da Malaysia, zuwa Gabashin Gabashin Afirka ( Swahili Ajami ) da Comoros.
Marubucin daidaitawa da inganta rubutun larabci a Comoros, masanin adabi Said Kamar-Eddine (1890-1974) ne ya dauki nauyinsa a shekarar 1960. Shekaru 20 kacal kafin, a cikin 1930s da 1940s, masana adabin Swahili irin su Sheikh el Amin da Sheikh Yahya Ali Omarli sun inganta harshen Larabci. [5] [4]
A cikin Swahili, an ƙara sabbin yaruka guda biyu zuwa ainihin yaruka 3, wato wakiltar sautin wayar [e], kuma wakiltar sautin wayar [o] . Bugu da ƙari, yin amfani da lectionis 3 mater lectionis (ko haruffa masu ɗaukar wasali) ya bi wannan al'ada kuma: Wasula a cikin damuwa ( na biyu zuwa na ƙarshe ) na kalmar ana yiwa alama alama da harafin ɗaukar hoto, wato alif. [a], yi wasali [e] kuma [i], da ww wasulan [o] kuma [u] . [5] [4]
Amma, a cikin shawarwarin da Said Kamar-Eddine ya yi wa Comorian, an sami ficewa daga al'adar Ajami da kuma banbanta da abin da masana ilimin Swahili suka yi. Kamar-Eddine ya sa ido kan Kurdistan na Iraqi da Iran, kuma an aiwatar da gyare-gyaren rubutu a can. A cikin Kurdish, jagorancin gyare-gyaren haruffa ya fi son kawar da duk wani yare da zayyana takamaiman haruffa ga kowane sautin wasali, don haka ƙirƙirar cikakken haruffa . Rubutun Kurdawa bai kasance na musamman a wannan fannin ba. An yi irin wannan shugabanci a cikin harsunan Turkawa daban-daban kamar Uzbek, Azerbaijan, Uyghur, Kazakh, da kuma harsunan Caucasus kamar Yammaci da Gabashin Circassian harsuna da Checheniya . Wannan ya sa Said Kamar-Eddine rubutun kalmomi na Comorian, wani lamari na musamman na harsunan Afirka da ke kudu da hamadar sahara da aka rubuta da rubutun Larabci. [4]
A farkon matsayi, ana rubuta wasulan azaman harafi ɗaya. Ba a buƙatar alif ko hamza na gaba. (Wannan yana kama da al'adar haruffan Larabci na Kazakh )
| Karshe | Matsakaici | Na farko | Ware | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | | | ||
| ku | | | ||
| i | | | | |
| o | | | | |
| e | | | | |
A cikin Kurdish, an ƙirƙiri sababbin haruffan wasali ta hanyar ƙara lafazin haruffan da ake dasu. Wayoyin wayoyi [o] kuma [e] ana rubuta su . A Comorian, an sanya sabbin haruffa masu zaman kansu maimakon. Harafin hāʾ a cikin nau'o'insa guda biyu ana amfani dashi don duka wayoyin da aka ambata. Madaidaicin Larabci hāʾ, a cikin dukkan sifofinsa guda 4 (4) ana amfani da shi don wasali [o] . Wannan bidi'a ce ta musamman ga wannan rubutun. Ba a yin amfani da harafin hāʾ a waɗannan siffofi azaman wasali a cikin kowane rubutun larabci. Harafi hāʾ, a cikin tsayayyen siffar zigzag na tsakiya (tsakanci nau'i na abin da aka sani a Urdu kamar Gol he ) ( amfani da [e] . Amfani da wannan bambance-bambancen harafin hāʾ a matsayin wasali bai keɓanta ga Comorian ba. A farkon karni na 20, Yamma da Gabas ta Circassian rubutun larabci suma sun yi amfani da wannan bambance-bambancen harafin hāʾ don wakiltar wasali [ə] (an rubuta kamar ы a cikin Cyrillic).
An kafa wasiƙun da ke wakiltar wayoyin baki waɗanda ba a cikin Larabci ta kowace hanya biyu masu zuwa. Hanya ta farko tana kama da Farisa da Kurdawa, inda ake ƙirƙira sababbin haruffa ta ƙara ko gyara ɗigo. Hanya ta biyu ita ce a yi amfani da Shaddah na Larabci gemination diacritic akan haruffa waɗanda suka fi kama da bacewar sautin murya. Wannan yayi kama da al'adar Sorabe (Arabo-Malagasy) orthograhpy, inda geminated r ( ana nufin wakiltar [nd] ko [ndr], kuma inda wani geminated f ( ana nufin wakiltar [p] ko [mp] .
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harsunan Comorian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ottenheimer, Harriet Joseph; Ottenheimer, Martin (1976). "The Classification of the Languages of the Comoro Islands". Anthropological Linguistics. 18 (9): 408–415. JSTOR 30027589. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Richardson, Irvine (1963). "Evolutionary Factors in Mauritian Creole". Journal of African Languages. 2 (1): 2–14.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Lafon, Michel (2007). "Le système Kamar-Eddine : une tentative originale d'écriture du comorien en graphie arabe". Ya Mkobe (in Faransanci) (14–15): 29–48. Retrieved 26 August 2022. (Archive). Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "lafon" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Omar, Yahya Ali; Frankl, P. J. L. (April 1997). "An Historical Review of the Arabic Rendering of Swahili Together with Proposals for the Development of a Swahili Writing System in Arabic Script (Based on the Swahili of Mombasa)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 7 (1): 55–71. doi:10.1017/S1356186300008312. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Omar" defined multiple times with different content