Harsunan Formosan
| Harsunan Formosan | |
|---|---|
| Linguistic classification |
|
| ISO 639-5 | fox |
Harsunan Formosan ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa wacce ta ƙunshi harsunan 'Yan asalin Taiwan, dukansu Austronesian ne. Ba su samar da dangi ɗaya na Austronesian ba amma har zuwa dangi tara na farko. 'Yan asalin Taiwan da gwamnati ta amince da su kusan kashi 2.3% na yawan mutanen tsibirin ne. Koyaya, kashi 35% ne kawai ke magana da yarensu na kakanninsu, saboda ƙarni na Canjin harshe.[1] Daga cikin kusan harsuna 26 na 'yan asalin Taiwan, akalla goma sun ƙare, wasu hudu (watakila biyar) Yana mutuwa, kuma duk sauran suna cikin haɗari.[2][3] Su ne yarukan ƙasa na Taiwan.[4]
Harsunan asalin Taiwan suna da muhimmancin gaske a cikin ilimin harshe na tarihi tunda, a duk wataƙila, Taiwan ita ce asalin asalin dukan iyalin yaren Austronesian. A cewar masanin harshe na Amurka Robert Blust, harsunan Formosan sun kafa tara daga cikin manyan rassa goma na iyali, [1] yayin da ɗayan da ya rage babban reshe, Malayo-Polynesian, ya ƙunshi kusan harsunan Austronesian 1,200 da aka samu a waje da Taiwan. [2] Kodayake wasu masana harsuna ba su yarda da wasu bayanai game da binciken Blust ba, an sami yarjejeniya mai zurfi game da kammalawar cewa harsunan Austronesian sun samo asali ne a Taiwan, kuma ka'idar ta karfafa ta hanyar binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a cikin kwayar halittar ɗan adam. [3]
Tarihin baya-bayan nan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dukkanin harsunan Formosan ana maye gurbinsu da sannu a hankali da al'adun Taiwanese Mandarin. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata gwamnatin Taiwan ta fara shirin sake farfadowa na asali wanda ya haɗa da sake gabatar da harsunan farko na Formosan a makarantun Taiwanese. Koyaya, sakamakon wannan shirin ya kasance abin takaici.
A shekara ta 2005, don taimakawa tare da adana harsunan 'yan asalin Taiwan, majalisar ta kafa Tsarin rubuce-rubuce na Romanized ga dukkan harsunan asalin Taiwan. Har ila yau, majalisar ta taimaka tare da azuzuwan da shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida na harshe ga membobin al'ummar 'yan asalin ƙasar da wadanda ba Formosan Taiwanese ba don taimakawa ƙungiyar kiyayewa.
Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harsunan Formosan sun samar da rassa tara daban-daban na dangin yaren Austronesian (tare da duk sauran yarukan Malayo-Polynesian da suka samar da reshe na goma na Austronesian).
Jerin harsuna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sau da yawa yana da wahala a yanke shawarar inda za a zana iyaka tsakanin harshe da yaren, wanda ke haifar da wasu ƙananan rashin jituwa tsakanin malamai game da lissafin harsunan Formosan. Har ma akwai ƙarin rashin tabbas game da yiwuwar mutanen Formosan da suka ƙare ko kuma sun haɗu. Ana ba da misalai na harsunan Formosan a ƙasa, amma kada a ɗauki jerin a matsayin cikakke.
Harsuna masu rai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Harshe | Lambobin | Babu harsuna |
Harsuna | Bayani |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abokai | Aboki | 5 | 'Aboki da Pangcah, Siwkolan, Pasawalian, Farangaw, Palidaw | |
| Rashin amincewa | tayar da | 6 | Squliq, Skikun, Ts'ole', Ci'uli, Mayrinax, Plngawan | bambancin yare, wani lokacin ana ɗaukar harsuna daban-daban |
| Kunnen | bnn | 5 | Takitudu, Takibakha, Takivatan, Takbanuaz, Isbukun | bambancin yare |
| Kanakanavu | xnb | 1 | Yana mutuwa | |
| Kavalan | ckv | 1 | an jera su a wasu tushe [4] kamar yadda suke mutuwa, kodayake ƙarin bincike na iya nuna akasin haka [13] | |
| Paiwan | pwn | 4 | Gabas, Arewa, Tsakiya, Kudu | |
| Puyuma | pyu | 4 | Puyuma, Katratripul, Ulivelivek, Kasavakan | |
| Rukai | dru | 6 | [Hasiya] An yi amfani da kalmar nan "Oldrekay" | |
| Saaroa | SXG | 1 | Yana mutuwa | |
| Saisiyat | xsy | 1 | ||
| Sakizaya | Tun da haka | 1 | ||
| Ranar Jumma'a | trv | 3 | Tgdaya, Toda, (Truku) | |
| Thao | ssf | 1 | Yana mutuwa | |
| Truku | trv | 1 | ||
| Tsou | tsu | 1 | ||
| Yami/Tao | Tao | 1 | kuma ana kiranta Tao. A fannin harshe, ba memba ne na "harsunan Formosan" ba, amma harshen Malayo-Polynesian ne. |
- Kodayake Yami tana cikin ƙasa a Taiwan, ba a rarraba shi a matsayin Formosan a cikin ilimin harshe ba.
Harsunan da ba su wanzu ba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Harshe | Lambobin | Babu harsuna |
Harsuna | Ranar lalacewa da bayanin kula |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basay | byq | 1 | Tsakanin karni na 20 | |
| Babuza | bzg | 3? | Babuza, Takoas, Favorlang (?). | Ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Kokarin farfadowa na ci gaba. |
| Kulon | uon | 1 | Tsakanin karni na 20 | |
| Pazeh | pzh | 2 | Pazeh, Kaxabu | 2010. Kokarin farfadowa na ci gaba. |
| Ketagalan | Ya kasance | 1 | Tsakanin karni na 20 | |
| Papora | ppu | 2? | Papora, Hoanya (?). | |
| Siraya | rami | 2? | Siraya, Makatao (?). | Ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Kokarin farfadowa na ci gaba. |
| Taivoan | tvx | 1 | Ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Kokarin farfadowa na ci gaba. |
Harshen harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmomin yawanci ba a canza su don mutum ko lamba, amma suna canzawa don lokaci, yanayi, murya da kuma al'amari. Harsunan Formosan ba su da yawa a cikin amfani da muryar daidaitawa, inda ake sanya sunan tare da shari'ar kai tsaye yayin da aikatau ya nuna rawar da yake takawa a cikin jumla. Ana iya ganin wannan a matsayin ƙaddamar da muryoyin masu aiki da marasa aiki, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin daidaituwa ta musamman. Bugu da ƙari, adverbs ba wani nau'i ne na musamman na kalmomi ba, amma a maimakon haka ana bayyana su ta hanyar coverbs.
Ba a yi wa sunaye alama don lamba kuma ba su da jinsi na ilimin lissafi. Ana nuna alamun sunaye ta hanyar barbashi maimakon canza kalmar kanta.
Dangane da tsari na kalma, yawancin harsunan Formosan suna nuna tsari na kalma na farko - VSO (kalma-subject-object) ko VOS (kalma'a-subject) - ban da wasu Harsunan Arewacin Formosan, kamar Thao, Saisiyat, da Pazih, mai yiwuwa daga tasirin Sinanci.
Li (1998) ya lissafa umarnin kalmomi na harsuna da yawa na Formosan.
- Rukai: VSO, VOS
- Tsou: VOS
- Bunun: VSO
- Hanyar shiga: VSO, VOS
- Saisiyat: VS, SVO
- Pazih: VOS, SVO
- Thao: VSO, SVO
- Abokai: VOS, VSO
- Kavalan: Ku
- Puyuma: VSO
- Paiwan: VSO, VOS
Canjin sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tanan Rukai shine harshen Formosan tare da mafi yawan phonemes tare da 23 consonants da 4 wasula dauke da bambancin tsawon, yayin da Kanakanavu da Saaroa suna da mafi ƙarancin phonemes tare na 13 consonants na 4 wasula.
Wolff
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tebur da ke ƙasa sun lissafa abubuwan da suka faru na Proto-Austronesian na harsuna daban-daban da Wolff ya bayar (2010).
| Farko na Australiya | Pazih | An kama shi | Thao | Rashin jituwa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *p | p | p | p | p |
| *t | t, s | t, s, ʃ | t, θ | t, c (s) |
| *c | z [dz] | h | t | x, h |
| *k | k | k | k | k |
| *q | Ø | ʔ | q | q, ʔ |
| *b | b | b | f | b- |
| *d | d | r | s | r |
| *j | d | r | s | r |
| *g | k-, -z- [dz], -t | k-, -z- [ð], -z [ð] | k-, -ð-, -ð | k- |
| *ɣ | x | l [ḷ] (> Ø a cikin Tonghœʔ) | ɬ | ɣ, r, Ø |
| *m | m | m | m | m |
| *n | n | n | n | n |
| *ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | n | ŋ |
| *s | s | ʃ | ʃ | s |
| *h | h | h | Ø | h |
| *l | r | l [ḷ] (> Ø a cikin Tonghœʔ) | r | l |
| *ɬ | l | ɬ | ð | l |
| *w | w | w | w | w |
| *y | da kuma | da kuma | da kuma | da kuma |
| Farko na Australiya | Saaroa | Kanakanavu | Rukai | Kunnen | Abokai | Kavalan | Puyuma | Paiwan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *p | p | p | p | p | p | p | p | p |
| *t | t, c | t, c | t, c | t | t | t | t, kuma | tj [č], ts [c] |
| *c | s, Ø | c | θ, s, Ø | c ([s] a Tsakiya da Kudu) | c | s | s | t |
| *k | k | k | k | k | k | k, q | k | k |
| *q | Ø | ʔ | Ø | q (x a cikin Ishbukun) | Hakan ya sa | Ø | Hakan ya sa | q |
| *b | v | v [β] | b | b | f | b | v [β] | v |
| *d | s | c | ḍ | d | r | z | d, z | dj [j], z |
| *j | s | c | d | d | r | z | d, z | dj [j], z |
| *g | k-, -ɬ- | k-, -l-, -l | g | k-, -Ø-, -Ø | k-, -n-, -n | k-, -n-, -n | h-, -d-, -d | g-, -d-, -d |
| *ɣ | r | r | r, Ø | l | [ḷ] | ɣ | r | Ø |
| *m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
| *n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n |
| *ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ |
| *s | Ø | s | s | s | s | Ø | Ø | s |
| *h | Ø | Ø | Ø | Ø | h | Ø | Ø | Ø |
| *l | Ø | Ø, l | ñ | h-, -Ø-, -Ø | [ḷ] | r, ɣ | [ḷ] | l |
| *ɬ | ɬ | n | ɬ | n | ɬ | n | ɬ | ɬ |
| *w | Ø | Ø | v | v | w | w | w | w |
| *y | ɬ | l | ð | ð | da kuma | da kuma | da kuma | da kuma |
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Diamond, Jared M. (2000). "Taiwan's Gift to the World". Nature (in Turanci). 403 (6771): 709–710. Bibcode:2000Natur.403..709D. doi:10.1038/35001685. PMID 10693781. S2CID 4379227.
- ↑ Trejaut, Jean A; Kivisild, Toomas; Loo, Jun Hun; et al. (2005). "Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations". PLOS Biology (in Turanci). 3 (8): e247. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247. PMC 1166350. PMID 15984912.
- ↑ Zeitoun, Elizabeth; Yu, Ching-Hua (2005). "The Formosan Language Archive: Linguistic Analysis and Language Processing". International Journal of Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing (in Turanci). 10 (2): 167–200. doi:10.30019/ijclclp.200507.0002. S2CID 17976898.