Harsunan Indo-Turai
| Harsunan Indo-Turai | |
|---|---|
| Linguistic classification |
|
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | ine |
| Glottolog | indo1319[1] |
Harsunan Indo-Turai iyali ne na harshe na asalin arewacin Indiya, mafi yawan Turai, da kuma tsaunin Iran, tare da ƙarin rassan asali da aka samu a yankuna kamar sassan Asiya ta Tsakiya (misali, Tajikistan da Afghanistan), kudancin Indiya (Sri Lanka da Maldives) da Armeniya" id="mwGw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Armenia">Armenia. A tarihi, ana magana da harsunan Indo-Turai a Anatolia da Arewa maso yammacin China. Wasu harsunan Turai na wannan iyali - Turanci, Faransanci, Portuguese, Italiyanci, Rasha, Mutanen Espanya, da Yaren mutanen Holland - sun fadada ta hanyar mulkin mallaka a zamanin zamani kuma yanzu ana magana da su a fadin nahiyoyi da yawa. Iyalin Indo-Turai sun kasu kashi da yawa ko ƙananan iyalai, gami da Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Jamusanci, Hellenic, Indo-Iranian, da Italic, dukansu suna dauke da harsuna masu rai na yanzu, da kuma wasu rassan da suka ƙare.
A yau harsunan Indo-Turai tare da mafi yawan masu magana da asali sune Turanci, Mutanen Espanya, Portuguese, Rasha, Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Faransanci, Jamusanci da Farisa; wasu da yawa da ƙananan kungiyoyi ke magana suna cikin haɗarin halaka. Fiye da mutane biliyan 3.4 (42% na yawan jama'ar duniya) suna magana da harshen Indo-Turai a matsayin yare na farko - mafi yawan kowane iyali na harshe. Akwai kusan harsunan Indo-Turai masu rai 446, bisa ga kimantawa ta Ethnologue, daga cikinsu 313 na reshen Indo-Iranian ne.[2]
Duk harsunan Indo-Turai sun fito ne daga harshe ɗaya na tarihi, wanda aka sake gina shi ta hanyar harshe a matsayin Proto-Indo-Turai, wanda ake magana a wani lokaci a zamanin Neolithic ko farkon Zamanin Tagulla ( c. 3300 – c. 1200 BC ). Yanayin da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin wurin da ake magana da shi, wato yankin Proto-Indo-Turai, ya kasance abin da aka yi ta muhawara a kai; yarjejeniya ta ilimi ta goyi bayan hasashen Kurgan, wanda ke nuna cewa ƙasar Pontic-Caspian steppe ce a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Ukraine da Kudancin Rasha, wanda ke da alaƙa da al'adun Yamnaya da sauran al'adun kayan tarihi masu alaƙa a lokacin ƙarni na 4 da farkon ƙarni na 3. Kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (BC). A lokacin da rubuce-rubucen farko suka bayyana, 'yan asalin ƙasar Indo-Turai sun riga sun rikide zuwa harsuna da yawa, waɗanda ake magana a yawancin Turai, Kudancin Asiya, da kuma wani ɓangare na Yammacin Asiya . Shaidar rubuce-rubuce ta 'yan asalin ƙasar Indo-Turai ta bayyana a zamanin Tagulla a cikin nau'in Girkanci na Mycenaean da harsunan Hitti da Luwian na Anatolian . Mafi tsufa bayanan sune kalmomi da sunaye na Hittiyawa da aka keɓe, waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin rubuce-rubucen da ba su da alaƙa da harshen Akkadian ( harshen Semitic ) da aka samu a cikin rubuce-rubucen masarautar Assyrian ta Kültepe a gabashin Anatolia tun ƙarni na 20. BC. Ko da yake babu wani tsohon tarihin rubuce-rubuce na asalin mutanen Proto-Indo-Turai da ya rage, wasu fannoni na al'adunsu da addininsu za a iya sake gina su daga shaidun da suka gabata a cikin al'adun 'ya'ya mata. Iyalan Indo-Turai suna da mahimmanci ga fannin ilimin harsuna na tarihi domin suna da tarihin da aka rubuta na biyu mafi tsawo na kowace iyali da aka sani bayan harsunan Masar da Semitic, waɗanda ke cikin dangin harshen Afroasiatic . Binciken dangantakar iyali tsakanin harsunan Indo-Turai, da sake gina tushensu na gama gari, ya kasance ginshiƙi ga haɓaka hanyar ilimin harsuna na tarihi a matsayin fannin ilimi a ƙarni na 19.
Tarihin ilimin harsuna na Indo-Turai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin karni na 16, baƙi na Turai zuwa Yankin Indiya sun fara lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin Indo-Aryan, Iran, da yarukan Turai. A shekara ta 1583, mishan na Jesuit na Ingila kuma masanin Konkani Thomas Stephens ya rubuta wasika daga Goa zuwa ga ɗan'uwansa - wanda aka buga a karni na 20 - inda ya lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin yarukan Arewacin Indiya da Girkanci da Latin.[3]
Wani labarin ya fito ne daga Filippo Sassetti, wani dan kasuwa da aka haifa a Florence a shekara ta 1540, wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa yankin Indiya. A rubuce a cikin 1585, ya lura da wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin Sanskrit da Italiyanci (waɗannan sun haɗa da devaḥ /dio 'Allah', sarpaḥ / maciji 'macijin', Sapta / sette 'bakwai', aṣṭa /otto 'bakwai' da Nava / Sabon 'bakwai'). [3] Koyaya, ba Stephens ko Sassetti abubuwan da suka lura ba sun haifar da ƙarin bincike na ilimi.[3]
A shekara ta 1647, masanin harshe da masanin Holland Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn ya lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin wasu harsunan Asiya da Turai kuma ya yi la'akari da cewa an samo su ne daga yaren da ya kira Scythian.[4] Ya haɗa da yaren Dutch, Albanian, Girkanci, Latin, Farisa, da Jamusanci, daga baya ya kara Slavic, Celtic, da Baltic. Koyaya, shawarwarin Van Boxhorn ba su zama sanannun ba kuma ba su motsa ƙarin bincike ba.
Matafiyi na Ottoman Turkiyya Evliya Çelebi ya ziyarci Vienna a cikin 1665-1666 a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin diflomasiyya kuma ya lura da wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin kalmomi a cikin Jamusanci da Farisa. Gaston Coeurdoux da sauransu sun yi irin wannan lura. Coeurdoux ya yi cikakken kwatankwacin Sanskrit, Latin, da Girkanci a ƙarshen 1760s don ba da shawarar dangantaka tsakanin su. A halin yanzu, Mikhail Lomonosov ya kwatanta kungiyoyin harsuna daban-daban, ciki har da Slavic, Baltic ("Kurlandic"), Iranian ("Medic"), Finnish, Sinanci, "Hottentot" (Khoekhoe), da sauransu, yana mai lura da cewa harsuna masu alaƙa (ciki har da Latin, Girkanci, Jamusanci, da Rasha) dole ne su rabu a zamanin d ̄ a daga kakanninmu.
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1319
|chapterurl=missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. - ↑ "What are the largest language families?". Ethnologue.
- 1 2 3 Auroux 2000.
- ↑ Beekes 2011.