Harsunan Kartvelian

Harsunan Kartvelian
Linguistic classification	abu abstract entity (en) languoid (en) language (en) human language (en) Ibero-Caucasian (en) Harsunan Kartvelian
ISO 639-5	ccs
Glottolog	kart1248

'Harsunan Kartvelic' (/kɑːrtˈvɛliən, -ˈviːl-/ kart-VEL-ee-ən, -⁠VEEL-; Georgia_language" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Georgian language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Georgian: ქართველური__wol____wol____wol__, ), wanda aka fi sani da yarukan Kudancin Caucasus ko Kartvelic, iyali ne na asali a Kudancin caucasus kuma ana magana da shi da farko a Georgia. Akwai kusan masu magana da Harshen Georgian miliyan 5 a duk duniya. Iyalin Kartvelian ba su da wata dangantaka da kowane iyali na harshe, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin iyalan harsuna na farko a duniya.

The most widely spoken Kartvelian language is the standard Georgian. The earliest written source in any Kartvelian language is an Old Georgian inscription at the once-existing Georgian monastery near Bethlehem, dated to c. 430 AD. Georgian scripts are used to write all Kartvelian languages.

Matsayi

Georgian shine harshen hukuma na Georgia (wanda kashi 90% na yawan jama'a ke magana) kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban harshensa don amfani da wallafe-wallafen da kasuwanci. An rubuta shi da asali da kuma bambancin haruffa, kuma tsohuwar rubutun wallafe-wallafen da ya tsira ya kasance daga karni na 5 AD. Tsohon Rubutun Georgian da alama ya bambanta da kowane harshe, amma tsarin haruffa ya fi dacewa da haruffa na Girkanci, ban da haruffofi da ke nuna sauti na Georgian na musamman, waɗanda aka haɗa a ƙarshen.

An rubuta Mingrelian tare da haruffa na Georgian tun 1864, musamman a lokacin daga 1930 zuwa 1938, lokacin da Mingrelians ke da ɗan cin gashin kansu na al'adu, kuma bayan 1989.

An rubuta Harshen Laz galibi tsakanin 1927 da 1937, sannan a Turkiyya ta amfani da haruffa Latin. Laz yana cikin haɗari yayin da masu magana da shi ke canzawa zuwa Turkiyya.

Rarraba

  Iyalin yaren Kartvelian ya ƙunshi harsuna huɗu masu alaƙa:

• Svan (ლუშნუ ნინ, lušnu nin), with approximately 35,000–40,000 native speakers in Georgia, mainly in the northwestern mountainous region of Svaneti and the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia
• Georgian-Zan (also called Karto-Zan)
  • Georgian (ქართული ენა, kartuli ena) with approximately 4 million native speakers, mainly in Georgia. There are Georgian-speaking communities in Russia, Turkey, Iran, Israel, and EU countries, but the current number and distribution of them are unknown.
    • Judaeo-Georgian (ყივრული ენა, kivruli ena) with some 85,000 speakers, is the only Kartvelian Jewish dialect, its status being the subject of debate among scholars.
  • Zan (also called Colchian)
    • Mingrelian (მარგალური ნინა, margaluri nina), with some 500,000 native speakers in 1989, mainly in the western regions of Georgia, namely Samegrelo and Abkhazia (at present in Gali district only). The number of Mingrelian speakers in Abkhazia was very strongly affected by the war with Georgia in the 1990s which resulted in the expulsion and flight of the ethnic Georgian population, the majority of which were Mingrelians. Nevertheless, Georgians in Abkhazia (mostly Mingrelians) make up 18% of the population, in Gali district 98.2%. The Mingrelians displaced from Abkhazia are scattered elsewhere in the Georgian government territory, with dense clusters in Tbilisi and Zugdidi.
    • Laz (ლაზური ნენა, lazuri nena), with 22,000 native speakers in 1980, mostly in the Black Sea littoral area of northeast Turkey, and with some 2,000 in Adjara, Georgia.